{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T08:13:09Z","timestamp":1781079189638,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,25]],"date-time":"2020-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598313600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mental disability is a common condition but is considered as an invisible disability. The disability certificate in psychiatry remains underexplored. Some reasons are issues of confidentiality, stigma, lack of awareness in the public, and the hesitancy in the mental health professionals. We aim to provide a brief profile of patients with mental illness issued disability certificates from a psychiatric unit over a five-year period (2013\u20132017).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our retrospective study is based on the data available from the copies of the issued disability certificates from a psychiatric unit that functions in a multispecialty tertiary care teaching government hospital in Southern India. Patients undergoing treatment in psychiatry apply for a disability certificate to the medical superintendent of the hospital. Each applicant undergoes a detailed workup to ascertain the diagnosis, and the mental disability is assessed using Indian Disability Evaluation and Assessment Scale (IDEAS). Those with intellectual developmental disorder (IDD) are assessed by a clinical psychologist for quantifying intelligence quotient, based on which the disability certificate is issued. Data were extracted and analyzed using SPSS. Descriptive statistics were used.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Over five years, 258 disability certificates were issued. A total of 218 were for mental illness and 40 were for IDD. Schizophrenia was the commonest primary diagnosis. There was no gender predominance, nor the influence of gender on different domains of IDEAS except on work domain dysfunction due to mental illness. The validity period was not mentioned in 81% of the issued certificates for mental illness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This descriptive study found a lower number of certificates issued from the psychiatric unit. Schizophrenia remains the main psychiatric diagnosis for which a disability certificate was issued. We did not assess the utilization pattern of the issued certificates.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0253717620947163","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,25]],"date-time":"2020-08-25T09:31:45Z","timestamp":1598347905000},"page":"451-455","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Five-Year Trend in Issuing Disability Certificates from a General Hospital Psychiatric Unit in South India"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Padmavathi","family":"Nagarajan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Nursing, JIPMER, Dhanvantari Nagar, Pondicherry, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Balaji","family":"Bharadwaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. of Psychiatry, JIPMER, Dhanvantari Nagar, Pondicherry, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shivanand","family":"Kattimani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. of Psychiatry, JIPMER, Dhanvantari Nagar, Pondicherry, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0253717620947163","unstructured":"Rights of Persons with Disability Act, http:\/\/www.disabilityaffairs.gov.in\/upload\/uploadfiles\/files\/RPWD%20ACT%202016.pdf (2016, accessed December 12, 2019)."},{"key":"bibr2-0253717620947163","volume-title":"World report on disability","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr3-0253717620947163","volume-title":"Disabled persons in India\u2014A statistical profile","year":"2016"},{"key":"bibr4-0253717620947163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar SG, Das A, Bhandary PV, Soans SJ, Kumar HNH, and Kotian MS. Prevalence and pattern of mental disability using Indian disability evaluation assessment scale in a rural community of Karnataka. Indian J Psychiatry 2008; 50: 21\u201323.","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5545.39754"},{"key":"bibr5-0253717620947163","volume-title":"Guidelines for evaluation and assessment of mental illness and procedure for certification","year":"2002"},{"key":"bibr6-0253717620947163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dandona R, Pandey A, George S, Kumar GA, and Dandona L. India\u2019s disability estimates: Limitations and way forward. PLoS ONE 2019; 14(9): e0222159. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0222159","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0222159"},{"key":"bibr7-0253717620947163","unstructured":"Government of India, Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment. Simplification and streamlining the procedure for issue of disability certificates to the persons with disabilities 2011, http:\/\/pib.nic.in\/newsite\/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=68913 (accessed December 12, 2019)."},{"key":"bibr8-0253717620947163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mishra NN, Parker LS, Nimgaonkar VL, and Deshpande SN. Disability certificates in India: A challenge to health privacy. Indian J Med Ethics 2012; 9: 43\u201345.","DOI":"10.20529\/IJME.2012.010"},{"key":"bibr9-0253717620947163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balakrishnan A, Kulkarni K, Moirangthem S, Kumar CN, Math SB, and Murthy P. The rights of persons with disabilities Act 2016: Mental health implications. Indian J Psychol Med 2019; 41: 119\u2013125.","DOI":"10.4103\/IJPSYM.IJPSYM_364_18"},{"key":"bibr10-0253717620947163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kashyap K, Thunga R, Rao AK, and Balamurali NP. Trends of utilization of government disability benefits among chronic mentally ill. Indian J Psychiatry 2012; 54(1): 54\u201358.","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5545.94648"},{"key":"bibr11-0253717620947163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balhara YP, Gauba D, and Deshpande SN. Profile difference between male and female psychiatric patients seeking certificate of disability. Oman Med J 2011; 26: 410\u2013415.","DOI":"10.5001\/omj.2011.105"},{"key":"bibr12-0253717620947163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yadav A, Rastogi R, and Udey B. Mental disability: A retrospective study of socio-clinical profile of patients seeking disability certificate at a tertiary care centre in Delhi. Epidemiol Int 2017; 2: 19\u201325.","DOI":"10.24321\/2455.7048.201703"},{"key":"bibr13-0253717620947163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"James JW, Basavarajappa C, Banerjee R, and Thirthalli J. Swavalamban health insurance scheme for persons with disabilities: an experiential account. Indian J Psychiatry 2019; 61: 369\u2013375.","DOI":"10.4103\/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_77_19"},{"key":"bibr14-0253717620947163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balhara YP, Verma R, and Deshpande SN. A study of profile of disability certificate seeking patients with schizophrenia over a 5 year period. Indian J Psychol Med 2013; 35: 127\u2013134.","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7176.116235"},{"key":"bibr15-0253717620947163","unstructured":"Karkal RS,  and Shihabuddeen TM. Disability benefits for persons with mental illness in India: Challenges for implementation and utilization [review article]. Delhi Psychiatry J 2014; 17 (2): 248\u2013252."}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0253717620947163","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0253717620947163","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0253717620947163","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T16:42:13Z","timestamp":1777653733000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0253717620947163"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,25]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0253717620947163"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0253717620947163","relation":{},"ISSN":["0253-7176","0975-1564"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0253-7176","type":"print"},{"value":"0975-1564","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,25]]}}}