{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T17:02:23Z","timestamp":1777914143237,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,28]],"date-time":"2020-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609113600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,28]],"date-time":"2020-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609113600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"\n Background:<\/jats:title>\n The phenomenon of metacognition is instrumental in the conceptualization and management of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). Studies on the comparison between metacognitions in OCD patients and healthy controls or those with other clinical conditions have been conducted. We aimed to compare metacognitions among currently symptomatic OCD (S-OCD) patients, currently remitted OCD patients (R-OCD), and healthy controls (HC).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Method:<\/jats:title>\n This cross-sectional research was conducted in the Department of Psychiatry of a tertiary care hospital in North India. Purposive sampling method was used to recruit 40 OCD patients, including an equal number of R-OCD and S-OCD patients, and 20 HC matched for age and education. Meta-Cognition Questionnaire and Thought Control Questionnaire were used to assess metacognitive functions.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n The findings showed a gradient of highest maladaptive metacognitions in the S-OCD group and lowest in HC. In the OCD subgroups, specific metacognitive beliefs (negative beliefs\n F<\/jats:italic>\n = 65.52; need to control thoughts\n F<\/jats:italic>\n = 61.03) and strategies (worry\n F<\/jats:italic>\n = 83.55; low distraction\n F<\/jats:italic>\n = 105.61) remained significantly different (P \u2264 0.001) between S-OCD and R-OCD patients. Certain other metacognitions remained consistently more or less stable between S-OCD and R-OCD patients, that is, metacognitive beliefs (cognitive confidence\n F<\/jats:italic>\n = 11.43; cognitive self-consciousness\n F<\/jats:italic>\n = 37.12) and strategies (punishment\n F<\/jats:italic>\n = 17.45; low social control\n F<\/jats:italic>\n = 12.89). This finding is further corroborated by positive correlations of severity of OCD with need to control thoughts (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.66, P < 0.001), negative beliefs (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.63, P < 0.001), and worry (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.76, P < 0.001), and negative correlations with distraction (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n = \u2013 0.79, P < 0.001).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n The study provides preliminary evidence for specific metacognitions distinguished as potential state and trait markers for OCD, which needs to be established on a larger sample using a longitudinal study design.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0253717620975295","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,28]],"date-time":"2020-12-28T05:18:09Z","timestamp":1609132689000},"page":"22-29","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Metacognitions in Symptomatic and Remitted Patients with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: Preliminary Evidence for Metacognitive State and Trait Markers"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Mariyam Bint","family":"Meraj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Psychologist, Independent Researcher, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7469-5114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shweta","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. of Psychiatry, George\u2019s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sujit K","family":"Kar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. of Psychiatry, George\u2019s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eesha","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, NIMHANS, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seema Rani","family":"Sarraf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. of Pediatrics, King George\u2019s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","volume-title":"The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders. Diagnostic criteria for research","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1992","unstructured":"World Health Organization The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders. Diagnostic criteria for research. Vol. 2. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1992."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2008.94"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","first-page":"128","volume-title":"National Mental Health Survey of India, 2015\u201316: Summary","author":"Gururaj G","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gururaj G, , Varghese M, , Benegal V, .; NMHS Collaborators Group. National Mental Health Survey of India, 2015\u201316: Summary. Bengaluru: National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences; 2016, p; 128."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5545.204438"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10401230802017043"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2016.12.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.34.10.906"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1352465800015897"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","volume-title":"Emotional disorders and metacognition: Innovative cognitive therapy","author":"Wells A","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wells A. Emotional disorders and metacognition: Innovative cognitive therapy. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons; 2000. ISBN: 978-0-471-49168-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(96)00050-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.402"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","first-page":"1031","article-title":"Executive functions in obsessive compulsive disorder: State or trait deficits?","volume":"40","author":"Bannon S","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bannon S, , Gonsalvez CJ, , Croft RJ, , and Boyce PM. Executive functions in obsessive compulsive disorder: State or trait deficits? Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2006; 40(11\u201312): 1031\u20131038.","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3956(02)00017-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291703007682"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1819.2005.01411.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_517_18"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-6185(02)00198-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","volume-title":"Metacognition therapy for anxiety and depression","author":"Wells A","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wells A. Metacognition therapy for anxiety and depression. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 2009."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2005.07.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2008.01.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5455\/bcp.20130127020802"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocrd.2015.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-016-0669-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2006.09.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","first-page":"116","article-title":"The moderation effect of the thought control strategies on relationship between severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms and metacognitions","author":"Oyman S","year":"2014","unstructured":"Oyman S. The moderation effect of the thought control strategies on relationship between severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms and metacognitions. Eur J Res Educ, 2014: 116\u2013123","journal-title":"Eur J Res Educ"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20299"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","volume-title":"General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12)","author":"Goldberg D","year":"1992","unstructured":"Goldberg D. General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). Windsor: NFER- Nelson; 1992."},{"issue":"20","key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","first-page":"22","article-title":"The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI): The development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10","volume":"59","author":"Sheehan DV","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sheehan DV, , Lecrubier Y, , Sheehan KH, . The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI): The development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. J Clin Psychiatry 1998; 59 (Suppl 20): 22\u201333.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1989.01810110048007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","volume-title":"A user\u2019s guide to the General Health Questionnaire","author":"Goldberg D","year":"1988","unstructured":"Goldberg D, and Williams P. A user\u2019s guide to the General Health Questionnaire. Windsor: NFER-Nelson; 1988."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(03)00147-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(94)90168-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329179900104X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurger.2012.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.2009.60.10.1315"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1185718"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","unstructured":"National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Obsessive-compulsive disorder. 2020 https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/obsessive-compulsive-disorder-ocd\/index.shtml"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","first-page":"152","article-title":"Psychological problems in Iranian adolescents: Application of the self- report form of strengths and difficulties questionnaire","volume":"8","author":"Mohammadi MR","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mohammadi MR, , Arman S, , Khoshhal Dastjerdi J, . Psychological problems in Iranian adolescents: Application of the self- report form of strengths and difficulties questionnaire. Ir J Psychiatry 2013; 8(4): 152\u2013159.","journal-title":"Ir J Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-6185(97)00011-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:COTR.0000045558.75538.ff"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","unstructured":"Mehus TE. The use of thought control strategies in obsessive-compulsive disorder. 2010 http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/11250\/270710"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2009.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(97)00030-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2006.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apnu.2014.08.005"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0253717620975295","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0253717620975295","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0253717620975295","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T16:42:48Z","timestamp":1777653768000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0253717620975295"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,28]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0253717620975295"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0253717620975295","relation":{},"ISSN":["0253-7176","0975-1564"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0253-7176","type":"print"},{"value":"0975-1564","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,28]]}}}