{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T12:21:18Z","timestamp":1782735678441,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,25]],"date-time":"2024-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711324800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose of review:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Owing to the high cost of care and huge treatment gap associated with mental illnesses in India, this review investigated the implementation of mental health insurance coverage in India following the mandate of the Mental Health Care Act of 2017 (MHCA 2017).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Collection and analysis of data:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We systematically identified health insurance providers in India through the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDAI) website. We meticulously searched and obtained policy documents from either the IRDAI website or the respective insurance company websites. Our classification process involved determining if a policy explicitly covered mental illness, which we discerned by examining definitions of mental illness, indemnification clauses or the presence of International Classification of Diseases-10 codes within the policy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We evaluated 235 policies provided by 30 insurance companies and found that 37.5% (88) of policies covered mental illnesses, 11.5% (28) covered persons with disabilities, whereas 51% (119) did not offer any coverage. The majority of the companies did not cover suicide and substance use disorders. There are disparities in the outpatient care offerings, including extended waiting periods for coverage of mental illness. \u2003This review highlights the importance of aligning insurance practices with MHCA 2017s provisions to promote mental health equity in India. It also advocates for comprehensive mental health coverage that includes outpatient care, substance use disorders and suicide as well as a need for standardized definitions and transparent policy communication.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/02537176241236019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,26]],"date-time":"2024-03-26T00:14:35Z","timestamp":1711412075000},"page":"9-16","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Mental Health Insurance in India: An Examination of Policy Implementation Post-MHCA 2017"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0657-043X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vijaya Chandra Reddy","family":"Avula","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Mangalagiri, Andhra Pradesh, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1059-0836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sangha Mitra","family":"Godi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Mangalagiri, Andhra Pradesh, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shashidhara","family":"Munivenkatappa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Mangalagiri, Andhra Pradesh, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2179-6525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sridhar","family":"Amalakanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. of General Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Mangalagiri, Andhra Pradesh, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-02537176241236019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(19)30475-4"},{"key":"bibr2-02537176241236019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_102_17"},{"key":"bibr3-02537176241236019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13033-023-00595-6"},{"key":"bibr4-02537176241236019","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Mental health. https:\/\/www.who.int\/india\/health-topics\/mental-health."},{"key":"bibr5-02537176241236019","unstructured":"Government of India. The Mental Health Care Act 2017. GOI; 2017. https:\/\/www.indiacode.nic.in\/bitstream\/123456789\/2249\/1\/A2017-10.pdf"},{"key":"bibr6-02537176241236019","unstructured":"Insurance Regulatory And Development Authority of India. Medical insurance for treatment of mental illness on the same basis as is available for treatment of physical illness. 2018. https:\/\/irdai.gov.in\/document-detail?documentId=388890"},{"key":"bibr7-02537176241236019","unstructured":"Insurance Regulatory And Development Authority of India. Disclosure of underwriting philosophy of offering insurance coverage to persons with disability (PWD) and people affected with HIV\/AIDS and mental illness diseases. 2020. https:\/\/irdai.gov.in\/document-detail?documentId=394519"},{"key":"bibr8-02537176241236019","unstructured":"Insurance Regulatory And Development Authority of India. Providing cover for mental illness under health insurance policies. 2022. https:\/\/irdai.gov.in\/document-detail?documentId=1445610"},{"key":"bibr9-02537176241236019","unstructured":"Insurance Regulatory And Development Authority of India. Expert committee for matters related to Mental health. 2023. https:\/\/irdai.gov.in\/document-detail?documentId=3388900"},{"key":"bibr10-02537176241236019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/09720634231153210"},{"key":"bibr11-02537176241236019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2136818"},{"key":"bibr12-02537176241236019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30468-5"},{"key":"bibr13-02537176241236019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10067-0076"},{"key":"bibr14-02537176241236019","unstructured":"Government of India. The Mental Health Care Act 2017 Chapter 1 Section 2 Clause (s). GOI; 2017. https:\/\/www.indiacode.nic.in\/bitstream\/123456789\/2249\/1\/A2017-10.pdf"},{"key":"bibr15-02537176241236019","unstructured":"World Health Organization. The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: Diagnostic criteria for research. World Health Organization; 1993. https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/37108"},{"key":"bibr16-02537176241236019","unstructured":"The Finance Minister, Nirmala Sitharaman. Insurance for Mental Health Lok Sabha Starred Question No. *317. 2019. https:\/\/irdai.gov.in\/document-detail?documentId=609787"},{"key":"bibr17-02537176241236019","volume":"5","author":"M V MK","year":"1993","journal-title":"Front Artif Intell"},{"key":"bibr18-02537176241236019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_91_19"},{"key":"bibr19-02537176241236019","volume-title":"National Mental Health Survey of India, 2015\u201316: Prevalence, patterns and outcomes","author":"Gururaj G","year":"2016"},{"key":"bibr20-02537176241236019","unstructured":"Dattani S, Rod\u00e9s-Guirao L, Ritchie H, Suicides. Our World Data; 2023. https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/suicide"},{"key":"bibr21-02537176241236019","first-page":"1","author":"Xu YE","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"bibr22-02537176241236019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_902_21"},{"key":"bibr23-02537176241236019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.1816"},{"key":"bibr24-02537176241236019","unstructured":"Insurance Regulatory And Development Authority of India. Guidelines on standardization of exclusions in health insurance contracts. 2019. https:\/\/irdai.gov.in\/document-detail?documentId=392498"},{"key":"bibr25-02537176241236019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ipj.ipj_138_21"},{"key":"bibr26-02537176241236019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201300443"},{"key":"bibr27-02537176241236019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.2169"},{"key":"bibr28-02537176241236019","author":"Popovici I","year":"2017","journal-title":"IZA Discuss Pap"},{"key":"bibr29-02537176241236019","unstructured":"Government of India, National Statistics Office. Key indicators of social consumption in India: Health. 2019. https:\/\/www.mospi.gov.in\/sites\/default\/files\/NSS75250H\/KI_Health_75th_Final.pdf"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/02537176241236019","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/02537176241236019","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/02537176241236019","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T16:45:06Z","timestamp":1777653906000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/02537176241236019"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,25]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/02537176241236019"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/02537176241236019","relation":{},"ISSN":["0253-7176","0975-1564"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0253-7176","type":"print"},{"value":"0975-1564","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,25]]}}}