{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T17:04:24Z","timestamp":1777914264720,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753833600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753833600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Opioid overdose is a significant public health problem among injectable drug users (IDUs), with non-fatal overdoses being a strong predictor of fatal overdoses. This study aimed to evaluate the burden, risk factors, and awareness related to non-fatal overdose among IDUs in Kolkata, India.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2023 to March 2025 at two opioid substitution therapy centers and two government hospitals in Kolkata. A total of 331 IDUs diagnosed with opioid use disorders participated. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire assessing socio-demographics, substance use, overdose risk factors, and knowledge of overdose management. Descriptive statistics and regression analysis were employed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 331 IDUs were included. Among them, 73% used heroin, and 72.3% used buprenorphine. Major risk factors were sudden increases in heroin dosage (88.1%), injecting alone (83.8%), and sharing syringes (82.5%). Additionally, 24.1% reported a history of incarceration. Only 55.5% knew about calling an ambulance during an overdose, while 96.3% were aware that higher doses increase overdose risk. None were aware of naloxone use. Most participants (77.4%) expressed the need for more training on overdose management, while 88.7% feared aggression from overdose victims when administering naloxone. Attitude showed a protective trend, while knowledge and cumulative risk scores were not significantly associated with overdose in regression analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings underscore the need for comprehensive overdose prevention programs, including naloxone distribution and training and community-based education to address knowledge gaps and reduce opioid overdose mortality among IDUs in Kolkata.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/02537176251357217","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T06:53:57Z","timestamp":1753944837000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Burden, Risk Factors, and Knowledge of Non-fatal Opioid Overdose Among Injectable Drug Users: A Cross-sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3153-4166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saibal","family":"Das","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ICMR-Centre for Ageing and Mental Health, Kolkata, West Bengal, India."},{"name":"Dept. of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sreyashi","family":"Sen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICMR-Centre for Ageing and Mental Health, Kolkata, West Bengal, India."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarnendu","family":"Mondal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICMR-Centre for Ageing and Mental Health, Kolkata, West Bengal, India."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manaswini","family":"Mondal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICMR-Centre for Ageing and Mental Health, Kolkata, West Bengal, India."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yeasmina","family":"Khatun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICMR-Centre for Ageing and Mental Health, Kolkata, West Bengal, India."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sujit","family":"Sarkhel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychiatry, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research and SSKM Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Indranil","family":"Saha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICMR-Centre for Ageing and Mental Health, Kolkata, West Bengal, India."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sovonlal","family":"Mukherjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICMR-Centre for Ageing and Mental Health, Kolkata, West Bengal, India."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kalyan","family":"Bhowmik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICMR-Centre for Ageing and Mental Health, Kolkata, West Bengal, India."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3398-7860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sharmila","family":"Sarkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. of Psychiatry, Calcutta National Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rajarshi","family":"Neogi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. of Psychiatry, RG Kar Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1765-1462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ravindra","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. of Psychiatry, AIIMS, New Delhi, India."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Milan","family":"Paramanik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. of Psychiatry, Calcutta National Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mounamukhar","family":"Bhattacharjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICMR-Centre for Ageing and Mental Health, Kolkata, West Bengal, India."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aniruddha","family":"Basu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. of Psychiatry, AIIMS, Kalyani, Saguna, West Bengal, India."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stuti","family":"Bhargava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, 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