{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T17:04:38Z","timestamp":1777914278807,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Opioids can adversely affect sexual function by impacting the endocrine system, particularly the pituitary gland and sex hormones. While synthetic opioids have been well studied, little data exists on natural opium\u2019s impact on sexual functioning, especially in India, where it is considered an aphrodisiac. This study aims to evaluate sexual dysfunction and related factors among men who are dependent on natural opium.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this cross-sectional study, we recruited 107 participants with a dependency on natural opium. The assessment included the Arizona sexual experience scale (ASEX), the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF), the severity of opiate dependence questionnaire (SODQ), and the sex knowledge and attitude questionnaire (SKAQ-II). Additionally, assays were conducted for serum total testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and prolactin.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The rate of sexual dysfunction was 47% for ASEX and 91% for IIEF. Low serum testosterone and LH levels were found in 22% and 16% of cases, respectively. Hyperprolactinemia and low FSH levels were observed in 11% and 3% of cases, respectively. Older patients had a significantly higher prevalence of sexual dysfunction and displayed more severe opioid dependence. Hormonal assessment revealed significantly low testosterone levels among those with sexual dysfunction on ASEX. Logistic regression analysis indicated that only the severity of opioid dependence was a significant predictor of sexual dysfunction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This research indicates that natural opium users frequently experience sexual dysfunction, which correlates with the intensity of opioid dependence. Consequently, clinicians must assess and address this issue to consistently improve treatment outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/02537176251387515","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T05:46:40Z","timestamp":1762062400000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Sexual Dysfunction and Its Correlates Among Men Dependent on Natural Opium"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"given":"Dinesh","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7879-1637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Navratan","family":"Suthar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9870-8397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mukesh K","family":"Swami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2099-583X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Surendra S","family":"Rajpurohit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Government Medical College, Pali, Rajasthan, India."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naresh","family":"Nebhinani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dharamveer","family":"Yadav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1995.tb00998.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09709274.2009.11906125"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","first-page":"23","volume-title":"Magnitude of substance use in India","author":"Ambekar A","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ambekar A, , Agrawal A, , Rao R, . 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