{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T17:04:42Z","timestamp":1777914282366,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762387200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762387200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dyslexia, a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by difficulties in word recognition and decoding, remains underexplored in non-Western orthographies such as Persian. To estimate the prevalence of dyslexia and examine the relationship between decoding and reading comprehension among Persian-speaking elementary students.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A cross-sectional study was conducted among 1,400 students (Grades 2\u20135) using a multistage stratified-cluster sampling design. Dyslexia was identified using the nonword reading subtest of a standardized reading and dyslexia test, with intellectual functioning assessed via the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition (WISC-IV). Survey-weighted logistic and linear regression models were used to analyze associations and interactions, with a Bonferroni correction (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .0083) applied for multiple comparisons. Confidence intervals (CI) and odds ratios (OR) are reported.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The weighted prevalence of dyslexia was 10.40% (95% CI: 9.00\u201312.05), with higher rates in boys (14.50%, 95% CI: 12.42\u201316.92, OR: 2.66, 95% CI: 1.90\u20133.71,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .001) than girls (6.01%, 95% CI: 4.61\u20137.80) and in private versus public schools (6.40% vs. 12.08%, OR: 0.50, 95% CI: 0.33\u20130.75,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .002). Word reading and comprehension were significant protective factors (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .001), while phonological awareness was non-significant in adjusted models. Decoding strongly predicted comprehension in typical readers, but this association was significantly weaker in dyslexic students (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .006).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dyslexia affects approximately one in 10 Persian-speaking students, with variations influenced by gender, school type, and reading skills. Comprehensive screening and interventions targeting decoding and comprehension are critical, particularly in public schools.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/02537176251389498","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T11:55:41Z","timestamp":1762430141000},"page":"180-186","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Prevalence of Dyslexia and Its Relationship with Decoding and Comprehension in Persian-speaking Elementary Students"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9651-7060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faezeh","family":"Asadollahpour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehabilitation Sciences Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samira","family":"Mazaheri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nasrin","family":"Shahouzaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehabilitation Sciences Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0543-4292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maryam Arab","family":"Nakhaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehabilitation Sciences Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0021-9630.2003.00305.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.01.043"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-6984.2011.00081.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.131.1.3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/000712603321661859"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-0277(97)00005-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0142716403000316"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.51383\/ijonmes.2023.329"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:READ.0000013823.56357.8b"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-006-0014-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11145-008-9122-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci8050082"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2024.104812"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/iopn.iopn_7_22"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.1632"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0142716406070032"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","first-page":"144","volume-title":"Dyslexia in Many Languages","author":"Sadeghi A","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sadeghi A, , Niyazi MP, , Tadi P, . 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