{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T17:04:45Z","timestamp":1777914285979,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,14]],"date-time":"2025-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765670400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,14]],"date-time":"2025-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765670400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Genetic factors contribute to the development of opioid dependence syndrome (ODS), with evidence suggesting that the neuropeptide galanin, which plays a role in the stress response, may influence addiction risk through its receptor galanin receptor 1 (GALR1). However, this area is largely unexplored in the Indian context.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This case-control study included 85 opioid-dependent patients and 85 healthy controls, all males, recruited from a tertiary care hospital in North India. All participants were assessed using a socio-demographic proforma, a case record form for substance use parameters, and the World Health Organization Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (WHO-ASSIST) to assess harmful use of other substances. Participants were genotyped for polymorphisms in the galanin gene (GAL rs948854, rs3136541) and its receptor gene (GALR1 rs9807208).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The GAL rs3136541 and GALR1 rs9807208 polymorphisms showed significant differences in the genotypic distribution between cases and controls. The GALR1 rs9807208 minor allele (G) was associated with a 2.27-fold increased risk of opioid dependence (95%\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">CI<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 1.17\u20134.41;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .01). However, no association was found between these polymorphisms and substance use patterns or related clinical parameters.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study provides preliminary evidence of an association between GALR1 rs9807208 polymorphism and opioid dependence in an Indian population, suggesting a potential genetic basis for addiction risk. Further studies with larger samples could be considered to confirm these findings and also to explore gene\u2013environment interactions in opioid dependence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/02537176251401816","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,14]],"date-time":"2025-12-14T12:40:16Z","timestamp":1765716016000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association of Galanin and Its Receptor Gene Polymorphism with Opioid Dependence: Preliminary Findings from India"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7999-2114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ifrah","family":"Naz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shalini","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Drug Dependence Treatment Center, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3719-3438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raja Babu","family":"Ramawat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ram","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Drug Dependence Treatment Center, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9759-0542","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rizwana","family":"Quraishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Drug Dependence Treatment Center, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1898-4186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raman","family":"Deep","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Atul","family":"Ambekar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Drug Dependence Treatment Center, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime [Internet]. 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