{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T18:16:47Z","timestamp":1778091407696,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762128000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Nutr Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold>\n                    The consumption of tobacco in low-income countries is linked to poverty and malnutrition, particularly in India, where 14% of the population suffers from undernourishment. This study aims to assess the opportunity costs of tobacco expenditure by quantifying nutritional losses and potential enhancements in household-level food energy status if funds allocated for tobacco were redirected towards food consumption in all Indian states.\n                    <jats:bold>Database and Methodology:<\/jats:bold>\n                    This study is based on secondary data obtained from NSSO 68th Round, 2011\u201312. The analysis involves the calculation of the costs of tobacco products along with essential cereals and proteins in order to assess the nutritional deficiencies experienced by households in different states. The National Institute of Nutrition's recommended \u201cMy Plate\u201d per day food requirements in 2020, and calorie requirements for males and females as recommended by Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA), 2020 were considered to calculate the opportunity cost of tobacco expenses.\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Tobacco accounts for 3.6% of food expenditure in rural India and 2.9% in Urban India. Highest tobacco expenditure as proportion of food expenditure in rural India was found in Rajasthan (7.5%), Maharashtra (5.4%), North-eastern states (4.9%) and Haryana (4.8%) while Madhya Pradesh (3.5%), Maharashtra (3.4%), Rajasthan and North-east (3.3%) have the highest proportion in urban India.\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold>\n                    The findings suggest that reduction of tobacco expenses and proper re-allocation of resources will facilitate improvement and optimization of tobacco prevention and control strategies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/02601060241257286","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T18:05:15Z","timestamp":1762193115000},"page":"845-851","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Opportunity cost of tobacco consumption on household nutrition in India: A state-level analysis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5930-2332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sajda","family":"Khatoon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Public Health Research, Manbhum Ananda Ashram, Nityananda Trust, Kolkata, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paramita","family":"Bhattacharya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Public Health Research, Manbhum Ananda Ashram, Nityananda Trust, Kolkata, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5137-1010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nirmalya","family":"Mukherjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Public Health Research, Manbhum Ananda Ashram, Nityananda Trust, Kolkata, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amit","family":"Yadav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vital Strategies, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pranay","family":"Lal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Public Health Research, Manbhum Ananda Ashram, Nityananda Trust, Kolkata, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0973801016659725"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/605207"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthpol.2004.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","unstructured":"Census of India: Census tables (2011) Census Tables. Available at: https:\/\/censusindia.gov.in\/census.website\/data\/census-tables (accessed 17 June 2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","unstructured":"Countries by commodity FAO (2020) FAOSTAT. Available at: https:\/\/www.fao.org\/faostat\/en\/#rankings\/countries_by_commodity_exports (accessed 14 September 2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2008.2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","unstructured":"Deaton A Dr\u00e8ze J (2024) Food and Nutrition in India: Facts and Interpretations. Economic and Political Weekly 14 February."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31557\/APJCP.2022.23.4.1325"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.10.3.212"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","unstructured":"Global Adult Tobacco Survey 2: India Factsheet 2016\u201317 (2018) Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS) Mumbai and Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Government of India. Available at: http:\/\/nhm.gov.in\/NTCP\/Surveys-Reports-Publications\/GATS-2-Highlights-(National-level).pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","unstructured":"Household Consumer Expenditure NSSO 68th Round (2011) Unit level Data. National Data Archive. Available at: https:\/\/microdata.gov.in\/nada43\/index.php\/catalog\/126 (accessed 19 September 2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aogh.2016.07.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2007.11.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12571-017-0660-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105765"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0260106020949739"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","unstructured":"My Plate for the day (2018) ICMR -National Institute of Nutrition. Available at: https:\/\/www.nin.res.in\/downloads\/My%20plate%20for%20the%20day%20A4.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","unstructured":"My plate for the day (2020) ICMR National Institute of Nutrition. Available at: https:\/\/www.nin.res.in\/downloads\/My_Plate_English.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","unstructured":"National Family Health Survey 5 2019\u201321 India Factsheet (2021) International Institute for Population Sciences Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Available at: http:\/\/rchiips.org\/nfhs\/NFHS-5_FCTS\/India.pdf (accessed 23 September 2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2007.07.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","unstructured":"Nutrient Requirements for Indians: Recommended Dietary Allowances & Estimated Average Requirements for Indians (2020) Government of India. ICMR-NIN ICMR MoHFW. Available at: https:\/\/www.nin.res.in\/RDA_short_Report_2020.html."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113029"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0972753121998507"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","first-page":"618","article-title":"Paternal smoking is associated with greater food insecurity among poor families in rural Indonesia","volume":"20","author":"Semba RD","year":"2011","unstructured":"Semba RD, Campbell AA, Sun K, et al. (2011) Paternal smoking is associated with greater food insecurity among poor families in rural Indonesia. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 20(4): 618\u2013623.","journal-title":"Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4579-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5958\/0974-0279.2017.00002.7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_1","unstructured":"USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference Release 18 (2005) U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service. Available at: http:\/\/www.ars.usda.gov\/nea\/bhnrc\/mafcl."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15440478.2016.1212760"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_1","volume-title":"Global Hunger Index India: Food Systems Transformation And Local Governance","author":"von Grebmer K","year":"2022","unstructured":"von Grebmer K, Bernstein J, Wiemers M, et al. (2022) Global Hunger Index India: Food Systems Transformation And Local Governance. Dublin: Welthungerhilfe, Concern Worldwide. Available at: https:\/\/www.globalhungerindex.org\/pdf\/en\/2022.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2005.07.032"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_1","unstructured":"WHO Tobacco (2022) WHO. Available at: https:\/\/www.who.int\/india\/health-topics\/tobacco#:\u223c:text=India%20is%20also%20the%20second Survey%20India%2C%202016%2D17. (accessed 28 May 2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization India (2022) WHO Tobacco. Available at: https:\/\/www.who.int\/india\/health-topics\/tobacco (accessed 14 September 2022)."}],"container-title":["Nutrition and Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/02601060241257286","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/02601060241257286","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/02601060241257286","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T17:46:41Z","timestamp":1778089601000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/02601060241257286"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/02601060241257286"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/02601060241257286","relation":{},"ISSN":["0260-1060","2047-945X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0260-1060","type":"print"},{"value":"2047-945X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]]}}}