{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T17:29:14Z","timestamp":1777915754350,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]],"date-time":"2025-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737504000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical Health Science and Technology Project of the Zhejiang Provincial Health Commission","award":["2024KY1806"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024KY1806"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Nutr Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Observational studies propose associations between dietary factors and multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the causal nature of these relationships remains unclear. This study aims to determine whether nutritional factors causally influence MS risk through Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Summary statistics for 15 common dietary factors were derived from the Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) conducted by the Medical Research Council Integrated Epidemiology Unit (MRC-IEU). The GWAS data of MS were sourced from the International Multiple Sclerosis Genetics Consortium (IMSGC), including 14,498 cases and 24,091 controls. The inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method was utilized as the primary analytical approach to estimate causality, while Cochran's\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Q<\/jats:italic>\n                      test assessed heterogeneity. MR-Egger (MRE) and MR-Pleiotropy RESidual Sum and Outlier (MR-PRESSO) were employed to detect pleiotropy and conduct sensitivity analyses.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We executed univariable- and multivariable-adjusted MR analyses, incorporating adjustments for past tobacco smoking, particulate matter air pollution (PM2.5) and moderate to vigorous physical activity. The univariable Mendelian randomization (UVMR) analysis elucidated potential causal relationships concerning the risk of MS for only two dietary factors: pork intake (odds ratio [OR]\u2009=\u20096.764, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.772\u201325.814,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.005 by IVW) and fish\/liver oil dietary supplements (OR\u2009=\u20090.119, 95%CI: 0.032\u20130.444,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.002 by IVW). In the multivariate Mendelian randomization (MVMR) analysis, the significant causal relationship between pork intake and MS remained robust even after adjusting for potential confounders. Conversely, after adjusting for these confounders, the initially observed causal associations between fish\/liver oil dietary supplements and MS ceased to be statistically significant.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings suggest that pork intake could increase the risk of MS. Other nutritional factors analyzed in this study did not exhibit significant correlations with MS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/02601060241308918","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]],"date-time":"2025-01-22T04:40:01Z","timestamp":1737520801000},"page":"1615-1626","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Investigating causal associations between pork intake and multiple sclerosis using Mendelian randomization: Insights from large-scale GWAS data in European populations"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Zhinan","family":"Ye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Taizhou University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongwei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Taiyuan Central Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luya","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Taizhou University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7307-070X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoyong","family":"Ke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Taizhou University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2019.04.213"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585231181841"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1871530320666200505123443"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","first-page":"241","article-title":"Interleukin-10 promoter and the CCR5 polymorphisms in Iranian Azari population with multiple sclerosis","volume":"18","author":"Asgharzadeh M","unstructured":"Asgharzadeh M, Sanajoo D, Mahdavi Poor B, et al. (2021b) Interleukin-10 promoter and the CCR5 polymorphisms in Iranian Azari population with multiple sclerosis. 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