{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T14:21:02Z","timestamp":1788445262868,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759104000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Nutr Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is a chronic condition marked by widespread musculoskeletal pain, persistent fatigue, and cognitive impairment. Its pathophysiology involves central sensitization, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and gut microbiota dysbiosis. Emerging evidence suggests that dietary factors\u2014particularly the consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPFs)\u2014may exacerbate these mechanisms and contribute to increased symptom burden.\n                    <jats:bold>Aims\/Objectives:<\/jats:bold>\n                    This study aimed to examine the dietary patterns, inflammatory potential of the diet, and body composition profiles in adults diagnosed with FMS compared to healthy controls.\n                    <jats:bold>Methods\/Methodology:<\/jats:bold>\n                    A case\u2013control study was conducted with 89 adults (45 with FMS and 44 healthy controls). Dietary intake was assessed using a validated semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire. Food items were classified using the NOVA system, and the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) was calculated. Anthropometric data, body composition, and clinical variables\u2014including pain intensity (Visual Analog Scale, VAS), fatigue (Fatigue Severity Scale, FSS), and Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ)\u2014were recorded. Statistical analyses included t-tests and Mann\u2013Whitney U tests (significance set at\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05).\n                    <jats:bold>Results\/Findings:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Patients with FMS consumed significantly more UPFs (34.5\u202f\u00b1\u202f8.9% vs. 26.7\u202f\u00b1\u202f7.1% of total energy intake;\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and had higher DII scores (45.3\u202f\u00b1\u202f8.7 vs. 35.1\u202f\u00b1\u202f9.2;\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). The FMS group exhibited higher body mass index (27.5\u202f\u00b1\u202f4.2 vs. 24.9\u202f\u00b1\u202f3.8\u2005kg\/m\u00b2;\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.014), increased fat mass (34.5\u202f\u00b1\u202f5.3% vs. 28.1\u202f\u00b1\u202f4.7%;\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.011), and lower muscle mass (47.5\u202f\u00b1\u202f4.8% vs. 49.3\u202f\u00b1\u202f4.2%;\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.019). Clinically, they reported greater pain (VAS: 6.8\u202f\u00b1\u202f1.9 vs. 1.2\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.5;\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and fatigue (FSS: 5.1\u202f\u00b1\u202f1.1 vs. 2.4\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.7;\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), with significant impairments in FIQ scores. Nutritional analysis showed lower intakes of magnesium, vitamin C, and polyphenols, and higher consumption of saturated fats and refined carbohydrates.\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Adults with FMS display a pro-inflammatory dietary profile characterized by high UPF consumption and reduced intake of protective nutrients. These patterns are associated with worsened symptomatology and adverse body composition, underscoring the potential role of anti-inflammatory dietary strategies in multidisciplinary FMS management.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/02601060251369916","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T17:40:19Z","timestamp":1759167619000},"page":"1243-1254","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessment of ultra-processed food consumption and pro-inflammatory dietary load in adults diagnosed with fibromyalgia syndrome: A case\u2013control study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0148-6105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isidro Miguel","family":"Mart\u00edn P\u00e9rez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad de La Laguna"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5068-627X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebasti\u00e1n Eustaquio","family":"Mart\u00edn P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad de La Laguna"},{"name":"Universidad Europea de Canarias"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Health and Sports, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Od\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17091205"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12030629"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17030530"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15061546"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2017.06.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/1582432"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020463"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/741746"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255821","DOI":"10.6018\/eglobal.16.2.255821","volume":"16","author":"Bernal Vargas L","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bernal Vargas L, Riveros Mun\u00e9var F, Vinaccia Alpi S, et al. (2017) Estructura factorial y consistencia interna de la Escala de severidad de fatiga en poblaci\u00f3n colombiana con enfermedades cr\u00f3nicas. Enfermer\u00eda Global 16(2): 255821.","journal-title":"Enfermer\u00eda Global"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_1","article-title":"Cognitive behavioural therapies for fibromyalgia","volume":"9","author":"Bernardy K","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bernardy K, Klose P, Busch AJ, et al. (2013) Cognitive behavioural therapies for fibromyalgia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013(9): CD009796.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17010002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.04.056"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cpf.12700"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16111738"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_1","first-page":"728","article-title":"The Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire: Development and validation","volume":"18","author":"Burckhardt CS","year":"1991","unstructured":"Burckhardt CS, Clark SR, Bennett RM (1991) The Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire: Development and validation. Journal of Rheumatology 18(5): 728\u2013733.","journal-title":"Journal of Rheumatology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2014.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16020182"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_20_1","article-title":"The relationship between fibromyalgia and depression, anxiety, anxiety sensitivity, fear avoidance beliefs, and quality of life in female patients","volume":"101","author":"Cetingok S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cetingok S, Seker O, Cetingok H (2022) The relationship between fibromyalgia and depression, anxiety, anxiety sensitivity, fear avoidance beliefs, and quality of life in female patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 101(3): e30868.","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1759720X17699199"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-012-2647-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16223923"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11195950"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-020-03201-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnae118"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.924405"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1456706"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14030955"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/184835"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/PRBM.S178240"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14040271"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9113527"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_1","article-title":"Ultra-processed foods: Definitions and policy issues","volume":"3","author":"Gibney MJ","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gibney MJ (2018) Ultra-processed foods: Definitions and policy issues. Current Developments in Nutrition 3: nzy077.","journal-title":"Current Developments in Nutrition"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2009.03.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_1","volume-title":"IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 29.0.2.0","author":"IBM Corp","year":"2023","unstructured":"IBM Corp. (2023) IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 29.0.2.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.7.1967"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2025.111489"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12061266"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12071543"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmab049"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15061436"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11051388"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14163309"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1516-3180.2018.0363070219"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/135.3.562"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15030716"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/jns.2021.61"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2020.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980021004523"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/22.3.512"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_53_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effectiveness of fecal microbiota transplantation in nociplastic pain management: A systematic review","volume":"7","author":"Mart\u00edn P\u00e9rez SE","unstructured":"Mart\u00edn P\u00e9rez SE, Abdel Lah HAL, Garc\u00eda NH, et al. (2025a) Effectiveness of fecal microbiota transplantation in nociplastic pain management: A systematic review. Gastrointestinal Disorders 7(1): 1\u201329.","journal-title":"Gastrointestinal Disorders"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app15084161"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111419"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_1","first-page":"87","volume-title":"Terapia Manual Ortop\u00e9dica en el Tratamiento del Dolor","author":"Mart\u00edn P\u00e9rez SE","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mart\u00edn P\u00e9rez SE, Fern\u00e1ndez Carnero J, Sosa Reina MD (2022) Mecanismos y efectos terap\u00e9uticos de la terapia manual ortop\u00e9dica. In: Quevedo Garc\u00eda A, Alonso Sal A, Alonso P\u00e9rez JL (eds) Terapia Manual Ortop\u00e9dica en el Tratamiento del Dolor. Madrid: Elsevier Espa\u00f1a, pp.87\u2013110."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13078\/jsm.240009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2021.105202"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-46401-5_3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/0115733971274700231226075717"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001640"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_1","volume-title":"Ultra-Processed Foods, Diet Quality, And Health Using the NOVA Classification System","author":"Monteiro CA","unstructured":"Monteiro CA, Cannon G, Lawrence M, et al. (2019a) Ultra-Processed Foods, Diet Quality, And Health Using the NOVA Classification System. Rome: FAO."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980018003762"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_3_2_64_1","first-page":"507","article-title":"Validaci\u00f3n de la versi\u00f3n espa\u00f1ola del Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire","volume":"31","author":"Monterde S","year":"2004","unstructured":"Monterde S, Salvat I, Montull S, et al. (2004) Validaci\u00f3n de la versi\u00f3n espa\u00f1ola del Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire. Revista Espa\u00f1ola de Reumatolog\u00eda 31(9): 507\u2013513.","journal-title":"Revista Espa\u00f1ola de Reumatolog\u00eda"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/21501319221120738"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11041119"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.15021"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0210-5691(06)74552-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14091714"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13679-017-0285-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-024-01024-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-013-0356-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12081532"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advnut.2025.100400"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17050859"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/an.115.008631"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2018.12.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980013002115"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_79_1","first-page":"2","article-title":"Dietary interventions in fibromyalgia: A systematic review","volume":"51","author":"Silva AR","year":"2019","unstructured":"Silva AR, Bernardo A, Costa J, et al. (2019) Dietary interventions in fibromyalgia: A systematic review. Annals of Medicine 2019;51(Suppl 1): 2\u201314.","journal-title":"Annals of Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.856216"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22083891"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_82_1","article-title":"Ultra-processed food intake and risk of cardiovascular disease: Prospective cohort study (NutriNet-sant\u00e9)","volume":"365","author":"Srour B","year":"2019","unstructured":"Srour B, Fezeu LK, Kesse-Guyot E, et al. (2019) Ultra-processed food intake and risk of cardiovascular disease: Prospective cohort study (NutriNet-sant\u00e9). BMJ 365(1): l1451.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_83_1","first-page":"513","volume-title":"Handbook of Clinical Neurology","author":"Sumpton JE","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sumpton JE, Moulin DE (2014) Fibromyalgia. In: Toga AW (ed.) Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 119, pp.513\u2013527."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5606\/tftrd.2022.9741"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0190861"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/6541798"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15020307"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-12-26"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39335.541782.AD"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.20140"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13080922"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_92_1","first-page":"784119","article-title":"The causal role of magnesium deficiency in the neuroinflammation, pain hypersensitivity and memory\/emotional deficits in ovariectomized and aged female mice","volume":"12","author":"Zhang Y","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Xie Y, Xu Y, et al. (2021) The causal role of magnesium deficiency in the neuroinflammation, pain hypersensitivity and memory\/emotional deficits in ovariectomized and aged female mice. Frontiers in Pharmacology 12: 784119.","journal-title":"Frontiers in Pharmacology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2021.785214"}],"container-title":["Nutrition and Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/02601060251369916","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/02601060251369916","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/02601060251369916","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T14:09:31Z","timestamp":1788444571000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/02601060251369916"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/02601060251369916"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/02601060251369916","relation":{},"ISSN":["0260-1060","2047-945X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0260-1060","type":"print"},{"value":"2047-945X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]]}}}