{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T14:21:10Z","timestamp":1788445270902,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773187200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Zheng Liu","award":["Shaoxing University enterprise important horizonta"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Shaoxing University enterprise important horizonta"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Nutr Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease causing joint damage and disability. Vitamin D (VD) shows immunomodulatory effects in RA, but its causal role and potential mediation by sex hormones remain unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To examine the VD-RA causal relationship and investigate androgen\/estrogen mediation using Mendelian randomization (MR).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted two-sample MR analyses using UK Biobank and IEU OpenGWAS data, with genetic variants as instruments. Mediation analyses assessed sex hormone effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dietary VD associated with reduced RA risk (odds ratio (OR)\u2009=\u20090.994, 95%CI 0.992\u20130.996). Protective effects were stronger in males with seropositive RA (OR\u2009=\u20090.97, 95%CI 0.96\u20130.99) and females with seronegative RA (OR\u2009=\u20090.99, 95%CI 0.98\u20130.99). VD significantly lowered female testosterone (OR\u2009=\u20090.54, 95%CI 0.42\u20130.66), a RA risk factor (OR\u2009=\u20091.03, 95%CI 1.01\u20131.04), but did not affect male testosterone or female estrogen levels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>VD may reduce RA risk via gender-specific mechanisms, particularly by decreasing female testosterone. While MR supports causality, potential confounding requires cautious interpretation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/02601060261425460","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T18:13:07Z","timestamp":1773252787000},"page":"1201-1209","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Vitamin D and rheumatoid arthritis in European populations: Unraveling causal links and the mediating role of sex hormones via Mendelian randomization"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7633-5538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingdong","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1749-1693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junwei","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6940-4657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongran","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaoxing University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7172-1411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaopeng","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaoxing University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2669-0122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiying","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaoxing University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaoxing University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.13103"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuad083"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-015-0011-z"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","first-page":"903","article-title":"Hydroxylated estrogen metabolites influence the proliferation of cultured human monocytes: Possible role in synovial tissue hyperplasia","volume":"26","author":"Capellino S","year":"2008","unstructured":"Capellino S, Montagna P, Villaggio B, et al. 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