{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,2]],"date-time":"2026-08-02T20:44:31Z","timestamp":1785703471256,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785456000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"San Diego State University Grant Program"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Nutr Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Obesity, oxidative stress, and inflammation are major contributors to cardiovascular disease (CVD), the leading global cause of death. Capsaicin, the active compound in chili peppers, including cayenne pepper, has shown anti-inflammatory effects and may help reduce CVD risk. However, research on cayenne pepper's specific impact on CVD-related biomarkers is limited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to evaluate the effects of cayenne pepper on lipid metabolism, inflammation, and antioxidant capacity in dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-treated rats fed an atherogenic diet.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats (21 days old) were randomly assigned to four groups (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200910\/group) in a 2\u2009\u00d7\u20092 factorial design: atherogenic diet \u00b1 cayenne pepper (2.9%) for 28 days, with or without 3% DSS (an inflammation-inducing agent) for 24\u2005h.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Rats fed cayenne pepper-supplemented diet showed lower body weight gain (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.022) and epididymal fat mass (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.037), along with increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.029) and decreased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.002) and triglyceride levels (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.048). C-reactive protein levels showed a decreasing trend (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.056), while antioxidant enzyme activities, including superoxide dismutase, glutathione S-transferase, and glutathione peroxidase, were significantly higher (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) in cayenne pepper-fed rats. Hepatic gene expression of inflammation marker cyclooxygenase-2 (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.026), as well as the lipogenic genes fatty acid synthase (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.002) and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.003), were decreased with cayenne pepper. These results suggest that cayenne pepper may modulate CVD-related risk factors through anti-inflammatory, lipid-modulating, and antioxidant mechanisms.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/02601060261471743","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T15:13:43Z","timestamp":1785510823000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Potential effects of cayenne pepper in modulating cardiovascular risk markers in rats fed an atherogenic diet and exposed to inflammation"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"given":"Rachel S","family":"Goldberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"San Diego State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deva S","family":"Plumlee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Diego State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyrie","family":"Bloem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Diego State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Hite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Diego State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1262-0074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mee Young","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Diego State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1333715"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202402780R"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN20061788"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12030911"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2021.101869"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12091653"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules16108919"},{"issue":"23","key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","article-title":"Spicy food and chili peppers and multiple health outcomes: Umbrella Review","volume":"66","author":"Ao Z","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ao Z, Huang Z, Liu H (2022) Spicy food and chili peppers and multiple health outcomes: Umbrella Review. 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