{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T13:23:34Z","timestamp":1789046614725,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788739200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Nutr Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite potential effects of cheese and low-fat dairy products, including cottage cheese, on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), evidence on high- and low-fat cheese consumption by fat content and type and its association with T2DM remains limited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this study, we explored associations between low- and high-fat fresh cheese consumption, including cottage and cream cheese, with T2DM and related biomarkers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 2331 participants from the 2003\u20132006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and examined cheese intake (assessed via a food frequency questionnaire) in relation to T2DM status and biomarkers (hemoglobin A1c [HbA1c], fasting glucose, insulin, and vitamin D) using multivariate regression models adjusted for sociodemographic, lifestyle, and dietary covariates.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although associations between cheese consumption and T2DM prevalence were attenuated after adjustment for dietary variables, cream cheese consumption showed a nonlinear association with outcomes, whereas low-fat cheese, including cottage cheese, was not significantly associated with T2DM. Cheese consumption was associated with favorable glycemic biomarker profiles and higher vitamin D levels in the multivariate models. Low-fat cheese consumption, including cottage cheese, inversely correlated with HbA1c and directly with vitamin D levels, whereas cream cheese showed a nonlinear pattern across intake frequencies. These findings suggest that associations with glycemic outcomes may differ by cheese type rather than fat content alone. However, due to the cross-sectional design and qualitative dietary assessment, causality cannot be inferred. Further studies are needed to clarify these relationships.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/02601060261478966","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T04:23:19Z","timestamp":1788841399000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Associations of different cheese types with type 2 diabetes and glycemic biomarkers: A cross-sectional analysis of NHANES 2003\u20132006 data"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1208-9545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayatake","family":"Nakano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Megmilk Snow Brand Co., Ltd."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8293-9163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiroshi M.","family":"Ueno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Megmilk Snow Brand Co., Ltd."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6686-4018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michihiro","family":"Araki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kobe University"},{"name":"College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan"},{"name":"National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBN), Osaka, Japan"},{"name":"Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01655-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/fst.33420"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2017.09.001"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","article-title":"Effects of milk and dairy product consumption on type 2 diabetes: Overview of systematic reviews and meta-analyses","volume":"10","author":"Alvarez-Bueno C","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alvarez-Bueno C, Cavero-Redondo I, Martinez-Vizcaino V, et al. (2019) Effects of milk and dairy product consumption on type 2 diabetes: Overview of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Advances in Nutrition (Bethesda, Md) 10(Suppl. 2): S154\u2013S163.","journal-title":"Advances in Nutrition (Bethesda, Md)"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","article-title":"Facilitating positive health behaviors and well-being to improve health outcomes: Standards of care in diabetes\u20142025","volume":"48","author":"American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee","year":"2025","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee (2025) Facilitating positive health behaviors and well-being to improve health outcomes: Standards of care in diabetes\u20142025. Diabetes Care 48(Suppl. 1): S86\u2013S127.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17094\/vetsci.1609184"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2018-14391"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022). NCHS Research Ethics Review Board approval. [Cited 22 May 2022]. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/nhanes\/irba98.htm."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-1524"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114513000111"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-023-05894-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665124000132"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114516000313"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa2032271"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.499"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","article-title":"The association between consumption of dairy products and risk of type 2 diabetes","volume":"14","author":"Fathi S","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fathi S, Vahdat M, Saeedirad Z, et al. (2024) The association between consumption of dairy products and risk of type 2 diabetes. Cardiovasc Endocrinol Metab 14: e00318.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmac096"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14163351"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0968"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","first-page":"1946","article-title":"Fermented dairy products as precision modulators of gut microbiota and host health: Mechanistic insights, clinical evidence, and future directions","volume":"14","author":"Gao Y","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gao Y, Liu Y, Ma T, et al. (2025) Fermented dairy products as precision modulators of gut microbiota and host health: Mechanistic insights, clinical evidence, and future directions. Foods (Basel, Switzerland) 14(11): 1946.","journal-title":"Foods (Basel, Switzerland)"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-05144-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15143156"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.03.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-13386"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-79986-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2014.06.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15183937"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16172908"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/PNS2004339"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/74.1.96"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/an.114.007690"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59071184"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1328620"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2024.12741"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cdnut.2024.104470"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-021-02626-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.03.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.109119"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1386257"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.116.151548"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2021.05.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2011.62"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_1","unstructured":"US Department of Health and Human Services US Department of Agriculture (2024) Dietary guidelines for Americans 2015\u20132020. 8th ed. [Cited 22 May 2024]. Available from: https:\/\/health.gov\/our-work\/food-nutrition\/previous-dietary-guidelines\/2015."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11112611"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-018-0724-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-021-00745-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advnut.2023.06.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-0924"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09637486.2021.2021154"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_3_51_1","first-page":"1930","article-title":"The causal association of cheese intake with type 2 diabetes mellitus: Results from a two-sample Mendelian randomization study","volume":"20","author":"Zhong T","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhong T, Huang YQ, Wang G (2024) The causal association of cheese intake with type 2 diabetes mellitus: Results from a two-sample Mendelian randomization study. Archives of Medical Science 20(6): 1930\u20131942.","journal-title":"Archives of Medical Science"}],"container-title":["Nutrition and Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/02601060261478966","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/02601060261478966","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/02601060261478966","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T12:17:47Z","timestamp":1789042667000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/02601060261478966"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]},"references-count":50,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/02601060261478966"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/02601060261478966","relation":{},"ISSN":["0260-1060","2047-945X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0260-1060","type":"print"},{"value":"2047-945X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]},"article-number":"02601060261478966"}}