{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T10:10:19Z","timestamp":1789207819037,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787184000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Nutr Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Smoking is associated with appetite regulation and food cravings, yet its relationship with intuitive eating (IE), an internally guided, non-restrictive eating style, remains unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To examine associations between smoking status, nicotine dependence, and IE among adults in primary care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In a cross-sectional study in Western France (June\u2013July 2023), adults (18\u201375 y) attending general practices completed a questionnaire on sociodemographics, smoking, physical activity\/sedentary time, cannabis use, anthropometrics, and IE (French Intuitive Eating Scale-2, IES-2; total and three subscales). Participants were categorized as non-smokers, smokers with low dependence (Fagerstr\u00f6m Test for Nicotine Dependence [FTND] 0\u20134), or moderate-to-high dependence (FTND 5\u201310). Associations were tested using ANCOVA, adjusting for sex, BMI, and covariates selected\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">a priori<\/jats:italic>\n                      and by statistical criteria.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among 466 participants (67.6% women; mean age 42.5\u2009\u00b1\u200914.1 years; mean BMI 25.5\u2009\u00b1\u20095.5\u2005kg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ), 101 (21.7%) were smokers, including 72 with low nicotine dependence and 29 with moderate-to-high dependence. Compared with non-smokers, smokers with low nicotine dependence had higher total IES-2 scores (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.20, 95% CI: 0.03\u20130.37) and higher Reliance on Hunger and Satiety Cues scores (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.25, 95% CI: 0.05\u20130.46), whereas smokers with moderate-to-high dependence had higher Unconditional Permission to Eat scores (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.56, 95% CI: 0.22\u20130.91). No differences were observed for Eating for Physical Rather Than Emotional Reasons. These findings suggest that intuitive eating and its dimensions differ according to nicotine dependence. Longitudinal studies are needed to determine how intuitive eating changes during smoking cessation, whether it predicts post-cessation weight gain, and which mechanisms underlie these associations.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/02601060261480419","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T15:24:57Z","timestamp":1787239497000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association between smoking dependence and intuitive eating in adults in primary care"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1165-2624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronan","family":"Morvan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"25 rue de la R\u00e9publique, H\u00e9ric, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathilde","family":"Patry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"27 Boulevard Paul Langevin, Cou\u00ebron, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aur\u00e9lie","family":"Gaultier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nantes University, Nantes University Hospital (CHU Nantes)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Jacobi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nantes University, CHU Nantes, CNRS, Inserm, L'institut du thorax, F-44000 Nantes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandrine","family":"P\u00e9neau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Sorbonne Paris Nord University and Paris Cit\u00e9 University, Inserm, INRAE, CNAM"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2016.08.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2025.113423"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2011.105"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2011.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntz010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2014.09.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.21440"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2016.12.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2007.153"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2006.01.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105093"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2020.11.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-23"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0123579"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2022.107254"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2020.101081"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-0756-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2004.00131.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12030925"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","first-page":"1172","article-title":"Satiation and satiety in the regulation of energy intake","volume":"145","author":"Garc\u00eda-Flores CL","year":"2017","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Flores CL, Mart\u00ednez Moreno AG, Beltr\u00e1n Miranda CP, et al. (2017) Satiation and satiety in the regulation of energy intake. Revista Medica de Chile 145: 1172\u20131178.","journal-title":"Revista Medica de Chile"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","first-page":"2162","article-title":"Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors","volume":"403","author":"GBD 2021 Risk Factors Collaborators","year":"2024","unstructured":"GBD 2021 Risk Factors Collaborators (2024) Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors. The Lancet 403: 2162\u20132203.","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2017.08.022"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01879.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2022.08.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2019.05.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-018-9800-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.57.1.3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_1","first-page":"1991","article-title":"Age moyen et \u00e2ge m\u00e9dian de la population fran\u00e7aise","author":"Insee","year":"2024","unstructured":"Insee (2024) Age moyen et \u00e2ge m\u00e9dian de la population fran\u00e7aise. Donn\u00e9es Annuelles: 1991\u20132024.","journal-title":"Donn\u00e9es Annuelles"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2019.05.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.129.2.270"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_1","first-page":"273","article-title":"The effect of smoking on the olfactory function","volume":"45","author":"Katotomichelakis M","year":"2007","unstructured":"Katotomichelakis M, Balatsouras D, Tripsianis G, et al. (2007) The effect of smoking on the olfactory function. Rhinology 45: 273\u2013280.","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-71092-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/hea0000123"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.2575"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16132035"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23509"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-18630-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2741\/s37"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2007.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2024.112369"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3373-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2018.1461223"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191912519"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_1","unstructured":"Sant\u00e9 publique France (n.d.-a) Pr\u00e9valence du tabagisme et du vapotage en France m\u00e9tropolitaine en 2022 parmi les 18\u201375 ans."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_1","unstructured":"Sant\u00e9 publique France (n.d.-b). Barom\u00e8tre de Sant\u00e9 publique France 2021. Questionnaire\/Volet m\u00e9tropole."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2025.107904"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2022.01.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0030893"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajr.12856"}],"container-title":["Nutrition and Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/02601060261480419","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/02601060261480419","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/02601060261480419","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T09:54:49Z","timestamp":1789206889000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/02601060261480419"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"references-count":49,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/02601060261480419"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/02601060261480419","relation":{},"ISSN":["0260-1060","2047-945X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0260-1060","type":"print"},{"value":"2047-945X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"article-number":"02601060261480419"}}