{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T07:56:39Z","timestamp":1777449399550,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,1]],"date-time":"2009-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1233446400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Altern Lab Anim"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Distilled tall oil (DTO) is a natural product, often added as an emulsifying ingredient in cutting fluids used as lubricants and coolants in metal working. The in vitro model used to test the skin compatibility of these substances, was the isolated perfused ex vivo bovine udder skin (BUS) model. After three exposure periods (0.5, 1, and 5 hours), cytotoxic effects were determined by using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, and tissue levels of the pre-inflammatory mediator prostaglandin E\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    (PGE\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) in treated whole skin biopsies were assessed by using an enzyme immunoassay. The BUS standard study design, involving a single application, was previously developed to investigate the skin irritation potential of cosmetics and chemicals. In the current study, four different batches of undiluted DTO, and tall oil fatty acids as a reference compound, were applied both singly and repeatedly (three times), under open conditions which were in line with the potential usage conditions in the work place. Under the standardised single application conditions, no major differences in cytotoxic effects or PGE\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    levels between the samples were apparent, so no indication of a skin irritation potential could be concluded. This result is in accordance with prior in vivo studies for acute dermal toxicity. Under repeated application conditions, signs of cytotoxicity were observed after the application of one of the DTO samples, which was known to be derived from different raw materials. Therefore, it was concluded that, generally, the presence of DTO at a concentration of up to 10% in cutting fluids, is not expected to result in any DTO-related deterioration of the skin.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/026119290903700110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,9]],"date-time":"2019-04-09T04:56:34Z","timestamp":1554785794000},"page":"69-76","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Skin Compatibility of Distilled Tall Oils: Evaluation with the Bovine Udder Skin\n                    <i>In Vitro<\/i>\n                    Model System"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Pittermann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kamper Weg 302, D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fredrik","family":"Hopfgarten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arizona Chemical AB, Sandarne, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manfred","family":"Kietzmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover Foundation (TiHo), Hanover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-026119290903700110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-07677-4_86"},{"key":"bibr2-026119290903700110","first-page":"16","volume":"6","author":"Bagschik U.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sicher Arbeiten"},{"key":"bibr3-026119290903700110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1994.tb01992.x"},{"key":"bibr4-026119290903700110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1990.tb01523.x"},{"key":"bibr5-026119290903700110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000246195"},{"key":"bibr6-026119290903700110","first-page":"411","volume":"26","author":"Krbek F.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arbeitsmedizin Sozialmedizin Pr\u00e4ventivmedizin"},{"key":"bibr7-026119290903700110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/1056-8719(93)90010-C"},{"key":"bibr8-026119290903700110","first-page":"42","volume-title":"Untersuchung der haut- und schleimhautirritierenden Eigenschaften von Testsubstanzen am isoliert perfundierten Rindereuter.","author":"Sterl F.","year":"1998"},{"key":"bibr9-026119290903700110","first-page":"205","volume-title":"The Ethics of Animal Experimentation: Proceedings of the EBRA\/FELASA European Congress","author":"Pittermann W.","year":"1998"},{"key":"bibr10-026119290903700110","first-page":"643","volume":"28","author":"B\u00e4umer W.","year":"2000","journal-title":"ATLA"},{"key":"bibr11-026119290903700110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5414\/DBP51056"},{"key":"bibr12-026119290903700110","first-page":"17","volume":"10","author":"Pittermann W.","year":"1997","journal-title":"In Vitro Toxicology"},{"key":"bibr13-026119290903700110","first-page":"147","volume":"50","author":"F\u00f6rster T.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Cosmetic Science"},{"key":"bibr14-026119290903700110","first-page":"119","volume":"54","author":"Lampen P.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Cosmetic Science"},{"key":"bibr15-026119290903700110","first-page":"36","volume":"134","author":"Pittermann W.","year":"2008","journal-title":"S\u00d6FW-Journal"},{"key":"bibr16-026119290903700110","unstructured":"PittermannW. & KietzmannM. (2006). Bovine udder skin (BUS): Pr\u00fcfung von Hautvertr\u00e4glichkeit und Hautschutz. ALTEX 23, 65\u201371. Available at: http:\/\/www.altex.ch\/resources\/altex_2_2006_Pittermann.pdf (Accessed 18.11.08)."},{"key":"bibr17-026119290903700110","first-page":"57","volume":"19","author":"B\u00e4umer W.","year":"2002","journal-title":"ALTEX"},{"key":"bibr18-026119290903700110","first-page":"501","volume":"103","author":"Ludewig T.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Deutsche Tier\u00e4rztliche Wochenschrift"},{"key":"bibr19-026119290903700110","volume-title":"Einfluss des Lipidmusters und der Morphologie der Epidermis auf transdermale Permeationsraten im in vitro Versuch.","author":"Stahl E.","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr20-026119290903700110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000139010"},{"key":"bibr21-026119290903700110","unstructured":"Anon. (1992). Arizona Chemical Report 920169D\/BGV 5\/SS \u2014 Guinea Pig Maximisation Test, 26 pp. Sandarne, Sweden: Arizona Chemical AB."},{"key":"bibr22-026119290903700110","unstructured":"Anon. (1999). Arizona Chemical Report Lab No 30889 \u2014 Buehler Test, 21 pp. Sandarne, Sweden: Arizona Chemical AB."},{"key":"bibr23-026119290903700110","unstructured":"Anon. (2007). Arizona Chemical Report 2007-035: Distilled Tall Oil, Metal Working Fluids and Skin Sensitisation, 16 pp. Sandarne, Sweden: Arizona Chemical AB."},{"key":"bibr24-026119290903700110","unstructured":"Anon. (2000). Arizona Chemical Report 1078\/013: Acute Dermal Irritation in the Rabbit, 4 pp. Sandarne, Sweden: Arizona Chemical AB."}],"container-title":["Alternatives to Laboratory Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/026119290903700110","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/026119290903700110","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T12:40:56Z","timestamp":1777380056000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/026119290903700110"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,2]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/026119290903700110"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/026119290903700110","relation":{},"ISSN":["0261-1929","2632-3559"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0261-1929","type":"print"},{"value":"2632-3559","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,2]]}}}