{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T02:58:57Z","timestamp":1778641137121,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,1]],"date-time":"2012-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1330560000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Altern Lab Anim"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The effects of a glutathione-containing intraocular irrigation solution, BSS Plus\u00ae, on retinal function and on the survival of ganglion cells in whole-mount retinal explants were studied. Evidence is provided that the perfused ex vivo bovine retina can serve as an alternative to in vivo animal testing. Isolated bovine retinas were prepared and perfused with an oxygen-saturated standard irrigation solution, and an electroretinogram was recorded to assess retinal function. After stable b-waves were detected, the isolated retinas were perfused with BSS Plus for 45 minutes. To investigate the effects of BSS Plus on photoreceptor function, 1mM aspartate was added to the irrigation solution in order to obtain a-waves, and the ERG trace was monitored for 75 minutes. For histological analysis, isolated whole retinal mounts were stored for 24 hours at 4\u00b0C, in the dark. The percentages of cell death in the retinal ganglion cell layer and in the outer and inner nuclear layers were estimated by using an ethidium homodimer-1 stain and the TUNEL assay. General swelling of the retina was examined with high-resolution optical coherence tomography. During perfusion with BSS Plus, no significant changes in a-wave and b-wave amplitudes were recorded. Retinas stored for 24 hours in BSS Plus showed a statistically significant smaller percentage (52.6%, standard deviation [SD] = 16.1%) of cell death in the retinal ganglion cell layer compared to the control group (69.6%, SD = 3.9, p = 0.0031). BSS Plus did not seem to affect short-term retinal function, and had a beneficial effect on the survival of retinal ganglion cells. This method for analysing the isolated perfused retina represents a valuable alternative for testing substances for their retinal biocompatibility and toxicity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/026119291204000107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,10]],"date-time":"2019-04-10T00:13:24Z","timestamp":1554855204000},"page":"23-32","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Testing the Biocompatibility of a Glutathione-containing Intraocular Irrigation Solution by Using an Isolated Perfused Bovine Retina Organ Culture Model \u2014 an Alternative to Animal Testing"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Kai","family":"Januschowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ophthalmology, University Eye Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Zhour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ophthalmology, University Eye Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Albert","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ramin","family":"Maddani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ophthalmology, University Eye Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Mueller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ophthalmology, University Eye Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin S.","family":"Spitzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ophthalmology, University Eye Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sven","family":"Schnichels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ophthalmology, University Eye Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maximilian","family":"Schultheiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ophthalmology, University Eye Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deshka","family":"Doycheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ophthalmology, University Eye Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karl-Ulrich","family":"Bartz-Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ophthalmology, University Eye Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Szurman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ophthalmology, University Eye Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-026119291204000107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-07144-1"},{"key":"bibr2-026119291204000107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-008-9153-6"},{"key":"bibr3-026119291204000107","first-page":"271","volume":"8","author":"Mukhopadhyay A.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Molecular Vision"},{"key":"bibr4-026119291204000107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-65340-7_19"},{"key":"bibr5-026119291204000107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.21028"},{"key":"bibr6-026119291204000107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0420.2007.00919.x"},{"key":"bibr7-026119291204000107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-0491"},{"key":"bibr8-026119291204000107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-008-0879-3"},{"key":"bibr9-026119291204000107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000096514"},{"key":"bibr10-026119291204000107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004397-199903920-00008"},{"key":"bibr11-026119291204000107","first-page":"2","author":"Epstein D.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ophthalmology Times"},{"key":"bibr12-026119291204000107","first-page":"3661","volume":"34","author":"Sternberg P.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science"},{"key":"bibr13-026119291204000107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.81.2.150"},{"key":"bibr14-026119291204000107","first-page":"101","volume-title":"In The Cornea: Transaction of the World Congress of the Cornea","author":"Glasser D.B.","year":"1988"},{"key":"bibr15-026119291204000107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.77.6.667"},{"key":"bibr16-026119291204000107","first-page":"724","volume":"19","author":"McDermott M.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Surgery"},{"key":"bibr17-026119291204000107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-010-1508-5"},{"key":"bibr18-026119291204000107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2006.094995"},{"key":"bibr19-026119291204000107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresprot.2005.09.001"},{"key":"bibr20-026119291204000107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-007-9122-1"},{"key":"bibr21-026119291204000107","first-page":"115","volume-title":"In Clinical Electroretinography, Proceedings of the Third International Symposium","author":"Sickel W.","year":"1966"},{"key":"bibr22-026119291204000107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.leu.2402799"},{"key":"bibr23-026119291204000107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.23233"},{"key":"bibr24-026119291204000107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-3484"},{"key":"bibr25-026119291204000107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1601-1848.2001.00006.x"},{"key":"bibr26-026119291204000107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.1312"},{"key":"bibr27-026119291204000107","first-page":"437","volume":"37","author":"Kinsner-Ovaskainen A.","year":"2009","journal-title":"ATLA"}],"container-title":["Alternatives to Laboratory Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/026119291204000107","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/026119291204000107","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T12:41:47Z","timestamp":1777380107000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/026119291204000107"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,3]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/026119291204000107"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/026119291204000107","relation":{},"ISSN":["0261-1929","2632-3559"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0261-1929","type":"print"},{"value":"2632-3559","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,3]]}}}