{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T08:10:58Z","timestamp":1777450258061,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,1]],"date-time":"2015-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1448928000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Altern Lab Anim"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A personal, and therefore unavoidably biased, review is given, of the significance of the contributions made by selected Scandinavian individuals, organisations and events, to the development of in vitro toxicology procedures as potential replacements for toxicity tests in laboratory animals. In addition to their wider significance, these contributions had a profound effect on whatever contributions I have been able to make, myself. Nevertheless, while there has been much progress in the last 35 years or so, and many lessons have been learned, there is still much to be done, especially as animal tests remain entrenched as the preferred methods which set the gold standards and make regulators feel comfortable. Many of the clues to dealing with the questions and concerns which plague hazard prediction and risk assessment have long been available, but they have been ignored, largely for reasons which have little to do with the science of toxicology and the need to maintain the highest scientific standards. I have little doubt that Bj\u00f6rn Ekwall, whose memory I feel privileged to honour, would have agreed with that last statement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/026119291504300609","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,9]],"date-time":"2019-04-09T04:44:40Z","timestamp":1554785080000},"page":"405-416","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Scandinavia and the Replacement of in\n                    <i>Vivo<\/i>\n                    Toxicity Tests: Some Personal Reflections"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Michael","family":"Balls","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"FRAME, Russell & Burch House, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-026119291504300609","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2010.04.004"},{"key":"bibr2-026119291504300609","first-page":"1","volume":"52","author":"Lindgren P.","year":"1983","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacologoia et Toxicologia"},{"key":"bibr3-026119291504300609","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0887-2333(94)90246-1"},{"key":"bibr4-026119291504300609","first-page":"159","volume":"28","author":"Walum E.","year":"2000","journal-title":"ATLA"},{"key":"bibr5-026119291504300609","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0887-2333(90)90148-M"},{"key":"bibr6-026119291504300609","first-page":"313","volume":"18","author":"Balls M.","year":"1990","journal-title":"ATLA"},{"key":"bibr7-026119291504300609","first-page":"339","volume":"18","author":"Balls M.","year":"1990","journal-title":"ATLA"},{"key":"bibr8-026119291504300609","first-page":"129","volume":"23","author":"Balls M.","year":"1995","journal-title":"ATLA"},{"key":"bibr9-026119291504300609","first-page":"406","volume":"20","author":"Walum E.","year":"1992","journal-title":"ATLA"},{"key":"bibr10-026119291504300609","first-page":"339","volume":"27","author":"Ekwall B.","year":"1999","journal-title":"ATLA"},{"key":"bibr11-026119291504300609","first-page":"350","volume":"22","author":"Atterwill C.K.","year":"1994","journal-title":"ATLA"},{"key":"bibr12-026119291504300609","first-page":"499","volume":"24","author":"Seibert H.","year":"1996","journal-title":"ATLA"},{"key":"bibr13-026119291504300609","first-page":"393","volume":"29","author":"Pfaller W.","year":"2001","journal-title":"ATLA"},{"key":"bibr14-026119291504300609","unstructured":"Anon. (2001). Report of the International Workshop on In Vitro Methods for Assessing Acute Systemic Toxicity: Results of an International Workshop Organized by the Interagency Coordinating Committee on the Validation of Alternative Methods (ICCVAM) and the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods (NICEATM), Publication 01-4499, 370pp. Research Triangle Park, NC, USA: National Toxicology Program, US Department of Health and Human Services. Available at: https:\/\/ntp.niehs.nih.gov\/pubhealth\/evalatm\/test-method-evaluations\/acute-systemic-tox\/in-vitro\/wksp-rpt-recs\/index.html (Accessed 11.11.15)."},{"key":"bibr15-026119291504300609","first-page":"129","volume":"43","author":"Kolar R.","year":"2015","journal-title":"ATLA"},{"key":"bibr16-026119291504300609","first-page":"335","volume":"41","author":"Bailey J.","year":"2013","journal-title":"ATLA"},{"key":"bibr17-026119291504300609","first-page":"189","volume":"42","author":"Bailey J.","year":"2014","journal-title":"ATLA"},{"key":"bibr18-026119291504300609","first-page":"393","volume":"43","author":"Bailey J.","year":"2015","journal-title":"ATLA"},{"key":"bibr19-026119291504300609","first-page":"251","volume":"43","author":"Combes R.D.","year":"2015","journal-title":"ATLA"},{"key":"bibr20-026119291504300609","first-page":"389","volume":"39","author":"Walum E.","year":"2011","journal-title":"ATLA"},{"key":"bibr21-026119291504300609","author":"This article is based on the Bj\u00f6rn Ekwall Memorial Award Lecture, given on 14 October 2015 at Bommersvik Konferens","journal-title":"J\u00e4rna, Stockholm, Sweden, during the SSCT\/Swetox workshop on Mechanisms Markers and Models \u2014 the 3MM Strategy in Risk Assessment"},{"key":"bibr22-026119291504300609","first-page":"327","volume":"42","author":"Balls M.","year":"2014","journal-title":"ATLA"}],"container-title":["Alternatives to Laboratory Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/026119291504300609","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/026119291504300609","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T12:43:02Z","timestamp":1777380182000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/026119291504300609"}},"subtitle":["The 2015 Bj\u00f6rn Ekwall Memorial Award Lecture"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/026119291504300609"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/026119291504300609","relation":{},"ISSN":["0261-1929","2632-3559"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0261-1929","type":"print"},{"value":"2632-3559","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]}}}