{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T23:57:13Z","timestamp":1791331033771,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,1]],"date-time":"2016-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1475280000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Altern Lab Anim"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Over the past 20 years or more, investigators have been developing non-animal test methods for use in assessing the skin sensitisation potential of chemicals. In parallel with this effort, the key biological events of skin sensitisation have been well-characterised in an Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) proposed by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). The key molecular initiating event of this AOP is haptenation or covalent modification of epidermal proteins. In this review, the strengths and limitations of the Direct Peptide Reactivity Assay (DPRA) are described, and the more recently developed Peroxidase Peptide Reactivity Assay (PPRA). The DPRA has been formally validated and incorporated into an OECD Test Guideline (TG442C). The DPRA shows promise for assisting in hazard identification as well as for assessing skin sensitisation potency when used in an integrated testing strategy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/026119291604400506","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,9]],"date-time":"2019-04-09T04:44:35Z","timestamp":1554785075000},"page":"437-442","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["The Use of Peptide Reactivity Assays for Skin Sensitisation Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"G. Frank","family":"Gerberick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason Business Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-026119291604400506","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-6915(01)00130-2"},{"key":"bibr2-026119291604400506","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1263(199909\/10)19:5<299::AID-JAT591>3.0.CO;2-C"},{"key":"bibr3-026119291604400506","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1046-199X(00)90027-7"},{"key":"bibr4-026119291604400506","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-483X(94)90193-7"},{"key":"bibr5-026119291604400506","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0536.2002.470601.x"},{"key":"bibr6-026119291604400506","unstructured":"OECD (2012). The Adverse Outcome Pathway for Skin Sensitisation Initiated by Covalent Binding to Proteins. Part 1: Scientific Evidence. Series on Testing and Assessment No. 168, 59 pp. Paris, France: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Available at: http:\/\/www.oecd.org\/officialdocuments\/publicdisplaydocumentpdf\/?cote=env\/jm\/mono(2012)10\/part1&doclanguage=en (Accessed 17.09.16)."},{"key":"bibr7-026119291604400506","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.64.4.625"},{"key":"bibr8-026119291604400506","unstructured":"DupuisG. & BenezraC. (eds) (1982). Allergic Con tact Dermatitis to Simple Chemicals: A Molecular Approach, 183 pp. New York, NY, USA: Marcel Dekker Inc."},{"key":"bibr9-026119291604400506","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-80331-4"},{"key":"bibr10-026119291604400506","first-page":"215","volume":"36","author":"Gerberick F.","year":"2008","journal-title":"ATLA"},{"key":"bibr11-026119291604400506","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-2333(00)00059-X"},{"key":"bibr12-026119291604400506","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000068288"},{"key":"bibr13-026119291604400506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1021\/tx0256634","volume":"16","author":"Alvarez-Sanchez R.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chemical Research in Toxicology"},{"key":"bibr14-026119291604400506","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/tx000225n"},{"key":"bibr15-026119291604400506","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfp030"},{"key":"bibr16-026119291604400506","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2003.11.002"},{"key":"bibr17-026119291604400506","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/tx049935+"},{"key":"bibr18-026119291604400506","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2005.07.003"},{"key":"bibr19-026119291604400506","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/tx100003w"},{"key":"bibr20-026119291604400506","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/tx9001463"},{"key":"bibr21-026119291604400506","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfh213"},{"key":"bibr22-026119291604400506","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfm064"},{"key":"bibr23-026119291604400506","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfp192"},{"key":"bibr24-026119291604400506","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2131\/jts.28.19"},{"key":"bibr25-026119291604400506","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2007.03.016"},{"key":"bibr26-026119291604400506","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfn194"},{"key":"bibr27-026119291604400506","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10659360500204152"},{"key":"bibr28-026119291604400506","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2016.00053"},{"key":"bibr29-026119291604400506","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfr101"},{"key":"bibr30-026119291604400506","unstructured":"EURL ECVAM (2012). Direct Peptide Reactivity Assay (DPRA) Validation Study Report, 74 pp. Ispra, Italy: European Commission Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health & Consumer Protection, European Union Reference Laboratory for Alternative Methods to Animal Testing (EURLECVAM). Available at: https:\/\/eurl-ecvam.jrc.ec.europa.eu\/eurl-ecvam-recommendations (Accessed 18.09.16)."},{"key":"bibr31-026119291604400506","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.2868","volume":"33","author":"Natsch A.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Toxicology"},{"key":"bibr32-026119291604400506","first-page":"467","volume":"32","author":"Hartung T.","year":"2004","journal-title":"ATLA"},{"key":"bibr33-026119291604400506","unstructured":"EURL ECVAM (2013). EURL ECVAM Recommendation on the Direct Peptide Reactivity Assay (DPRA) for Skin Sensitisation Testing, 38 pp. Ispra, Italy: Euro pean Commission Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health & Consumer Protection, European Union Reference Laboratory for Alternative Methods to Animal Testing (EURL ECVAM). Available at: https:\/\/eurl-ecvam.jrc.ec.europa.eu\/eurl-ecvam-recommendations (Accessed 18.09.16)."},{"key":"bibr34-026119291604400506","unstructured":"OECD (2015). OECD Guideline for Testing of Chemicals No. 442C: In Chemico Skin Sensitisation: Direct Peptide Reactivity Assay (DPRA), 19 pp. Paris, France: Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. 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