{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T04:52:36Z","timestamp":1780635156146,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754870400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Altern Lab Anim"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Assays to predict the skin sensitisation potential of substances commonly address the molecular initiating event (MIE) of the adverse outcome pathway (AOP), which is the covalent binding of chemicals to proteins. This represents the first key event in the pathway.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">In chemico<\/jats:italic>\n                    approaches have emerged as validated alternatives to conventional animal testing methods to determine this process. This review explores the integration of biosensor-based approaches to supplement other\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in chemico<\/jats:italic>\n                    methods, for use as alternatives to the \u2018gold standard\u2019 Local Lymph Node Assay (LLNA) in skin sensitisation testing. While surface plasmon resonance-based biosensors have shown promise, they exhibit limitations such as poor sensitivity. To overcome such limitations, this review highlights the use of impedance-based biosensors in the study of hapten\u2013skin protein interactions, which are associated with the MIE in skin sensitisation. Impedance-based biosensors have exhibited impressive performance, with a specificity of 97%, a sensitivity of 83% and an accuracy of 92% being obtained in one study (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 49 substances). The advantages of impedance-based biosensors include label-free methodologies, high sensitivity, low cost and operational simplicity. This review also covers recent advancements in the use of biosensors in cosmetic studies and skin research, as well as comparisons of the limitations of the various\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in chemico<\/jats:italic>\n                    methods and future perspectives for skin sensitisation assessment. The use of impedance-based biosensors as part of integrated testing approaches alongside other\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in chemico<\/jats:italic>\n                    testing methods, can represent a reliable approach for skin sensitisation assessment, while supporting the reduction and replacement of animal use in toxicity testing.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/02611929251363484","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T10:21:57Z","timestamp":1754907717000},"page":"281-300","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Biosensor-based approaches: Exploring hapten\n                    <i>\u2013<\/i>\n                    protein interactions for the prediction of skin sensitisation"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4918-6312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teh Ubaidah","family":"Noh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universiti Teknologi Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5473-1744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nurul Izzah","family":"Khalid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","first-page":"16","volume-title":"Second Edition, Performance Standards for the assessment of proposed similar or modified in vitro skin sensitisation DPRA and ADRA test methods. 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