{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T17:38:59Z","timestamp":1777916339746,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,21]],"date-time":"2022-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653091200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Social and Personal Relationships"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>An initial study on loneliness during the first month of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States found that those who were living alone or who were single experienced greater loneliness than those who lived with others or were in a romantic relationship. This study presents follow-up analyses using data collected from the same sample ( N = 428) at a total of five points in time throughout the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. Unlike most studies using a longitudinal design to track loneliness throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, the results of this study showed that loneliness scores generally decreased over this time period. However, additional analyses showed that when participants experienced a de-escalation in their romantic relationship status (e.g., transitioning from being in a dating relationship to being single or from being married to separated), loneliness scores increased. Because prior research shows a connection between living alone and loneliness, the researchers also tested whether decreases in the number of people one lives with predicted increases in loneliness. The data was inconsistent with this prediction. Overall, these findings join a minority of other longitudinal studies investigating loneliness during the COVID-19 pandemic that found either a decrease or no change in loneliness, while also illustrating that increases in loneliness during the COVID-19 pandemic occurred after people experienced a de-escalation in their romantic relationship status. These findings underscore the importance of life events during the COVID-19 pandemic that may increase loneliness\u2014specifically transitioning out of romantic relationships. Thus, future research on predictors of loneliness should continue to use longitudinal designs to determine how changes in one\u2019s life predict changes in loneliness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/02654075221102632","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,21]],"date-time":"2022-05-21T08:52:15Z","timestamp":1653123135000},"page":"3579-3595","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Determinants of loneliness during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States: A one-year follow-up study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0491-1517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Colter D.","family":"Ray","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication Studies, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4066-3397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samantha J.","family":"Shebib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication Studies, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-02654075221102632","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bs11010005"},{"key":"bibr2-02654075221102632","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03634523.2020.1857417"},{"key":"bibr3-02654075221102632","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2012.03.006"},{"key":"bibr4-02654075221102632","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.117.3.497"},{"key":"bibr5-02654075221102632","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-017-1262-x"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr6-02654075221102632","first-page":"1","volume":"7","author":"Bonsaken T.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Social Media + Society"},{"key":"bibr7-02654075221102632","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167285111006"},{"key":"bibr8-02654075221102632","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2020.06.036"},{"key":"bibr9-02654075221102632","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.21.1.140"},{"key":"bibr10-02654075221102632","author":"Cigna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Loneliness and the workplace: 2020"},{"key":"bibr11-02654075221102632","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.54.4.454"},{"key":"bibr12-02654075221102632","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15091865"},{"key":"bibr13-02654075221102632","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10570314.2014.927071"},{"key":"bibr14-02654075221102632","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10510974.2016.1205641"},{"key":"bibr15-02654075221102632","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0239698"},{"key":"bibr16-02654075221102632","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494821993711"},{"key":"bibr17-02654075221102632","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12160-010-9210-8"},{"key":"bibr19-02654075221102632","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0018646"},{"key":"bibr20-02654075221102632","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2006.04.002"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr21-02654075221102632","first-page":"46","volume":"42","author":"Henninger W. R.","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Journal of College and University Student Housing"},{"key":"bibr22-02654075221102632","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/02654075211046587"},{"key":"bibr23-02654075221102632","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.589127"},{"key":"bibr24-02654075221102632","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/02654075211041539"},{"key":"bibr25-02654075221102632","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000103"},{"key":"bibr26-02654075221102632","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691614568352"},{"key":"bibr27-02654075221102632","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0265407521998459"},{"key":"bibr28-02654075221102632","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113216"},{"key":"bibr29-02654075221102632","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/famp.12574"},{"key":"bibr30-02654075221102632","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00223980.2011.606435"},{"key":"bibr31-02654075221102632","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113267"},{"key":"bibr32-02654075221102632","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000690"},{"key":"bibr33-02654075221102632","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/02654075211052536"},{"key":"bibr34-02654075221102632","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.9740"},{"key":"bibr35-02654075221102632","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6935a2"},{"key":"bibr36-02654075221102632","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1094428114548590"},{"key":"bibr37-02654075221102632","first-page":"33","volume-title":"Personal relationships, 3: Personal relationships in disorder","author":"Perlman D.","year":"1981"},{"key":"bibr38-02654075221102632","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.24.3.297"},{"key":"bibr39-02654075221102632","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/02654075211016542"},{"key":"bibr40-02654075221102632","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12691\/rpbs-10-1-1"},{"key":"bibr41-02654075221102632","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/abm\/kaaa065"},{"key":"bibr42-02654075221102632","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-004-1005-2"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr43-02654075221102632","first-page":"1","volume":"33","author":"Rokach A.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychology: A Journal of Human Behavior"},{"key":"bibr44-02654075221102632","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa6601_2"},{"key":"bibr45-02654075221102632","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3200\/JRLP.139.6.545-552"},{"key":"bibr46-02654075221102632","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/camh.12358"},{"key":"bibr47-02654075221102632","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2005.03.002"},{"key":"bibr48-02654075221102632","volume-title":"The way we are now: The UK\u2019s relationships","author":"Sherwood C.","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr49-02654075221102632","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610209991426"},{"key":"bibr50-02654075221102632","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-6612.2007.00221.x"},{"key":"bibr51-02654075221102632","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/suli.31.1.32.21312"},{"key":"bibr52-02654075221102632","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10433-009-0134-8"},{"key":"bibr53-02654075221102632","volume":"53","author":"Thoits P. A.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Health and Social Behavior, Extra issue"},{"key":"bibr54-02654075221102632","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113098"},{"key":"bibr55-02654075221102632","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2016.1146993"},{"key":"bibr56-02654075221102632","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0959259800104101"},{"key":"bibr57-02654075221102632","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/workar\/waw033"},{"key":"bibr58-02654075221102632","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2021.29219.editorial"},{"key":"bibr59-02654075221102632","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2224\/sbp.2004.32.2.129"}],"container-title":["Journal of Social and Personal Relationships"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/02654075221102632","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/02654075221102632","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/02654075221102632","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T17:45:39Z","timestamp":1777657539000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/02654075221102632"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,21]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/02654075221102632"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/02654075221102632","relation":{},"ISSN":["0265-4075","1460-3608"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0265-4075","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-3608","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,21]]}}}