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Included studies were published between January 2000 and October 2024. Risk of study bias was conducted using the JBI Critical Appraisal Tools. Outcomes were reported following the narrative synthesis in systematic reviews framework.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      After screening 555 unique records, 16 papers met the study selection criteria. The majority of studies were from the United States (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 15; 94%) and targeted children under 6\u00a0years old (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 15; 94%). Most studies were rated as higher quality studies (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 13; 81%). Most studies (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 9\/13) reported positive effects on dental caries related outcomes. Six studies reported positive effects on changing oral health behaviour. Three economic evaluation studies reported fluoride varnish interventions were more costly and more effective compared to \u2018no intervention\u2019, while cost-effectiveness was uncertain.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fluoride varnish interventions provided by non-dental health professionals are effective, but whether they are cost-effective remains unclear. Trained non-dental professionals applying fluoride varnish can play a critical role in dental caries prevention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0265539x251400584","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T23:08:00Z","timestamp":1764198480000},"page":"315-334","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evidence for effectiveness and economic benefit of fluoride varnish provided by non-dental health professionals: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9986-7629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tan Minh","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Deakin University"},{"name":"Oral Health Victoria"},{"name":"Health Economics Group, School of Public Health &amp; Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9926-1670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tejashree","family":"Kangutkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Health Victoria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4757-5867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clare","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Health Victoria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5072-3512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bradley","family":"Christian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Sydney"},{"name":"Australian Centre for Integration of Oral Health, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"},{"name":"Westmead Applied Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Gussy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Lincoln"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1613-0585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanny","family":"Calache","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deakin University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-2561"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_1","volume-title":"Periodicity of Examination, Preventive Dental Services, Anticipatory Guidance\/Counseling, and Oral Treatment for Infants, Children, and Adolescents, the Reference Manual of Pediatric Dentistry","author":"American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry","year":"2023","unstructured":"American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry (2023) Periodicity of Examination, Preventive Dental Services, Anticipatory Guidance\/Counseling, and Oral Treatment for Infants, Children, and Adolescents, the Reference Manual of Pediatric Dentistry. 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