{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T17:52:30Z","timestamp":1777485150587,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Scottish Government through International Development","award":["MAL\/18\/04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MAL\/18\/04"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Community Dental Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Inequalities in oral health disproportionately affect low and middle income countries and a pattern of increased prevalence of dental caries in children has been reported.\n                    <jats:bold>Objectives:<\/jats:bold>\n                    To determine the burden of disease and behavioural and toothache history of six- and 12-year-old Malawi schoolchildren.\n                    <jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Ethical approval was granted by Malawi\u2019s National Health Sciences Research Committee. The survey was undertaken by nine Malawian dental therapists and three UK dentists in 24 schools. Stratified cluster sampling ensured that the children were representative of Malawi\u2019s three Regions. Dental caries (into dentine), fluorosis, oral hygiene and PUFA index data were collected via a dental examination. Questionnaires were completed by each child and by the Head Teacher from each school.\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    A total of 1,330 six-year-old and 1,611 12-year-old children were examined, evenly split between the sexes. Dental caries was identified in 47% of six-year-olds and 23% of 12-year-olds. None of the children had filled teeth. The mean dmft\/DMFT for children with caries experience was 3.0 for six-year-olds and 1.8 for 12-year-olds. Dental fluorosis was recorded for 7% of 12-year-olds. A history of toothache was reported by 29% of six-year-olds and 42% of 12-year-olds.\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold>\n                    The prevalence of caries and absence of signs of past clinical care highlight the need to implement activities identified in Malawi\u2019s National Oral Health Policy around the provision of appropriate preventive and treatment services for children.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0265539x251400603","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T23:01:14Z","timestamp":1764630074000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A national survey of dental caries, dental fluorosis and oral hygiene in cohorts of six- and 12-year-old children in Malawi"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"given":"Peter","family":"Chimimba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kamuzu University of Health Sciences"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9425-7792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alex D","family":"McMahon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Glasgow"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martha","family":"Chipanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Government of Malawi"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Glasgow"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vicky","family":"Milne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Glasgow"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nigel","family":"Milne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Glasgow"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Conway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Glasgow"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeremy","family":"Bagg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Glasgow"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7227-2991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorna","family":"Macpherson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Glasgow"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/w13081106"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/npmj.npmj_7_17"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-017-0465-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0136211"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4203-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_1","article-title":"Caries of deciduous teeth - level 4 cause. Global burden of disease 2019","author":"Global Health Metrics","year":"2019","unstructured":"Global Health Metrics (2019) Caries of deciduous teeth - level 4 cause. Global burden of disease 2019. Lancet. https:\/\/www.thelancet.com\/pb-assets\/Lancet\/gbd\/summaries\/diseases\/caries-deciduous-teeth.pdf.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-038116"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/idj.12208"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00016350601137244"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12968\/denu.2019.46.3.238"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2013.14.164.2399"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8866554"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.2009.00514.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-256"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-016-0190-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31146-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_1","volume-title":"Oral Health Surveys Basic Methods 5th Edition","author":"World Health Organisation","year":"2013","unstructured":"World Health Organisation (2013) Oral Health Surveys Basic Methods 5th Edition. Geneva: World Health Organisation."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_1","volume-title":"Oral Health Fact Sheet","author":"World Health Organisation","year":"2020","unstructured":"World Health Organisation (2020) Oral Health Fact Sheet. Geneva: World Health Organisation."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_1","volume-title":"Oral Health Resolution","author":"World Health Organisation","year":"2021","unstructured":"World Health Organisation (2021) Oral Health Resolution. Geneva: World Health Organisation."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_1","volume-title":"Promoting Oral Health in Africa: Prevention and Control of Oral Diseases and Noma as Part of Essential Non-communicable Disease Interventions","author":"World Health Organisation Regional Office for Africa","year":"2016","unstructured":"World Health Organisation Regional Office for Africa (2016) Promoting Oral Health in Africa: Prevention and Control of Oral Diseases and Noma as Part of Essential Non-communicable Disease Interventions. Geneva: World Health Organisation."}],"container-title":["Community Dental Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0265539X251400603","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0265539X251400603","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0265539X251400603","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T14:25:27Z","timestamp":1777386327000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0265539X251400603"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"references-count":20,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0265539X251400603"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0265539x251400603","relation":{},"ISSN":["0265-539X","2515-1746"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0265-539X","type":"print"},{"value":"2515-1746","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"article-number":"0265539X251400603"}}