{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T00:13:45Z","timestamp":1793319225840,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":133,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,6]],"date-time":"2022-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644105600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Small Business Journal: Researching Entrepreneurship"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This article investigates how start-ups have been affected by, and have responded to, the COVID-19 pandemic by analysing interview data from 32 Australian start-ups during Australia\u2019s second wave of COVID-19. A framework and visualisation were developed, capturing unexplored heterogeneity within these start-ups, depending whether the emphasis was upon opportunities or adversity, and the type and extent of business model changes. Six start-up types were identified: stable beneficiaries, business-as-usual continuers, digital adjusters, adversity survivors, opportunity graspers and lemonade makers. The findings suggest that most start-ups responded to the crisis through business model changes because of crisis-induced opportunities and crisis-induced adversity The anaysis found that the interplay between firm size and crisis influences whether start-ups focus on business model adaptation or business model innovation or a combination of both We thus contribute to the literature on business models, crisis management and a newly emerging field focusing on the implications of the COVID-19 pandemic for start-ups.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/02662426211055447","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,6]],"date-time":"2022-02-06T22:32:21Z","timestamp":1644186741000},"page":"150-177","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":83,"title":["Start-ups\u2019 business model changes during the COVID-19 pandemic: Counteracting adversities and pursuing opportunities"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9762-587X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Guckenbiehl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Adelaide Business School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graciela","family":"Corral de Zubielqui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adelaide Business School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lrp.2013.04.002"},{"key":"bibr2-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su10124785"},{"key":"bibr3-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/MD-03-2016-0170"},{"key":"bibr4-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emj.2020.09.002"},{"key":"bibr5-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2013.05.005"},{"key":"bibr6-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09652540903511290"},{"key":"bibr7-02662426211055447","volume-title":"Business Indicators, Business Impacts of COVID-19","author":"Australian Bureau of Statistics","year":"2020"},{"key":"bibr8-02662426211055447","volume-title":"COVID-19 Australia: Epidemiology Report 26: Fortnightly Reporting Period Ending 27 September 2020","volume":"44","author":"Australian Government Department of Health","year":"2020"},{"key":"bibr9-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0266242615611471"},{"key":"bibr10-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11365-018-0499-2"},{"key":"bibr11-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbvi.2020.e00197"},{"key":"bibr12-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6486.2011.01030.x"},{"key":"bibr13-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhm.2020.102723"},{"key":"bibr14-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbvi.2020.e00174"},{"key":"bibr15-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0266242620937464"},{"key":"bibr16-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8691.2012.00637.x"},{"key":"bibr17-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0149206316680030"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr18-02662426211055447","first-page":"99","volume":"23","author":"Cassells R","year":"2020","journal-title":"Australian Journal of Labour Economics"},{"key":"bibr20-02662426211055447","volume-title":"Constructing Grounded Theory","author":"Charmaz K","year":"2014","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr21-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/10878570710833714"},{"key":"bibr22-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0266242617691802"},{"key":"bibr23-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0149206304272294"},{"key":"bibr24-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/radm.12186"},{"key":"bibr25-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0266242619870731"},{"key":"bibr26-02662426211055447","volume-title":"Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory","author":"Corbin JM","year":"2015","edition":"4"},{"key":"bibr27-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1847979018772742"},{"key":"bibr28-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0266242620945102"},{"key":"bibr29-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0266242613512513"},{"key":"bibr30-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00191-017-0502-z"},{"key":"bibr31-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joms.12352"},{"key":"bibr33-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tesg.12453"},{"key":"bibr34-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lrp.2013.08.004"},{"key":"bibr35-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/23409444211008902"},{"key":"bibr37-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2021.102125"},{"key":"bibr38-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lrp.2010.02.004"},{"key":"bibr39-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2016.04.139"},{"key":"bibr40-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0047239520934018"},{"key":"bibr41-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0266242614553863"},{"key":"bibr42-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbvi.2020.e00221"},{"key":"bibr43-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08985626.2018.1541590"},{"key":"bibr44-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2020.06.008"},{"key":"bibr45-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/caim.12218"},{"key":"bibr46-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.4250131009"},{"key":"bibr47-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/EBR-09-2020-0231"},{"key":"bibr49-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6486.1986.tb00434.x"},{"key":"bibr50-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2020.11.051"},{"key":"bibr51-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2020.05.025"},{"key":"bibr52-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/258557"},{"key":"bibr53-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1553118X.2018.1510405"},{"key":"bibr54-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3557504"},{"key":"bibr55-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0149206316675927"},{"key":"bibr56-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lrp.2017.07.006"},{"key":"bibr57-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2094928"},{"key":"bibr58-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indmarman.2020.10.006"},{"key":"bibr59-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2018.06.013"},{"key":"bibr60-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2020.104049"},{"key":"bibr61-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1094428112452151"},{"key":"bibr62-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbvi.2020.e00186"},{"key":"bibr63-02662426211055447","volume-title":"The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research","author":"Glaser BG","year":"1967"},{"key":"bibr64-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18084183"},{"key":"bibr65-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsbm.12511"},{"key":"bibr67-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0266242609350804"},{"key":"bibr68-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0894439319893612"},{"key":"bibr69-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2019.08.003"},{"key":"bibr71-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10422587211010673"},{"key":"bibr72-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbvi.2021.e00273"},{"key":"bibr73-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/IJEBR-04-2020-0214"},{"key":"bibr74-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11301-021-00221-0"},{"key":"bibr75-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbvi.2020.e00169"},{"key":"bibr76-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2015.10.121"},{"key":"bibr77-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/IJCHM-04-2020-0325"},{"key":"bibr78-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/radm.12201"},{"key":"bibr79-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-627X.2009.00267.x"},{"key":"bibr80-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00472778.2020.1735252"},{"key":"bibr81-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/26437015.2020.1779538"},{"key":"bibr82-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0266242620949136"},{"key":"bibr83-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sej.1191"},{"key":"bibr84-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5465\/annals.2014.0072"},{"key":"bibr85-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusvent.2017.12.007"},{"key":"bibr86-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/IJLM-04-2020-0155"},{"key":"bibr87-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2020.12.036"},{"key":"bibr88-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0266242620936590"},{"key":"bibr89-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02615479.2020.1836145"},{"key":"bibr90-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2017.12.019"},{"key":"bibr91-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/IJSSP-07-2020-0323"},{"key":"bibr92-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11365-012-0219-2"},{"key":"bibr93-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ribaf.2021.101380"},{"key":"bibr94-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lrp.2017.09.003"},{"key":"bibr95-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2020.04.015"},{"issue":"5","key":"bibr96-02662426211055447","first-page":"1189","volume":"34","author":"Patton MQ","year":"1999","journal-title":"Health Services Research"},{"key":"bibr97-02662426211055447","volume-title":"Qualitative Research & Evaluation Methods: Integrating Theory and Practice","author":"Patton MQ","year":"2015","edition":"4"},{"key":"bibr98-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5465\/amj.2012.0454"},{"key":"bibr99-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0266242618796145"},{"key":"bibr100-02662426211055447","unstructured":"Prime Minister of Australia (2020) Border restrictions. Available at: https:\/\/www.pm.gov.au\/media\/border-restrictions (accessed on 15 April 2021)."},{"key":"bibr101-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/JMTM-01-2018-0020"},{"key":"bibr102-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lrp.2020.101997"},{"key":"bibr103-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indmarman.2020.05.014"},{"key":"bibr104-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0266242620947946"},{"key":"bibr105-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-5973.2007.00507.x"},{"key":"bibr106-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141362"},{"key":"bibr107-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2011.12.007"},{"key":"bibr108-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lrp.2016.06.006"},{"key":"bibr109-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08276331.2020.1821158"},{"key":"bibr110-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbvi.2020.e00222"},{"key":"bibr111-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/radm.12302"},{"key":"bibr112-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102173"},{"key":"bibr115-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0266242612448077"},{"key":"bibr116-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m4910"},{"key":"bibr117-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jpim.12398"},{"key":"bibr118-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lrp.2010.02.003"},{"key":"bibr119-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10580530.2020.1814461"},{"key":"bibr120-02662426211055447","first-page":"142","volume-title":"Handbook of Organizations","author":"Stinchcombe AL","year":"1965"},{"key":"bibr121-02662426211055447","volume-title":"COVID-19: A Chronology of State and Territory Government Announcements (Up until 30 June 2020)","author":"Storen R","year":"2020"},{"key":"bibr122-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14479338.2019.1707088"},{"key":"bibr123-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lrp.2009.07.003"},{"key":"bibr124-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbvi.2020.e00187"},{"key":"bibr125-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/MD-08-2020-1088"},{"key":"bibr126-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1547-5069.2001.00253.x"},{"key":"bibr127-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.technovation.2021.102222"},{"key":"bibr128-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09537325.2020.1850674"},{"key":"bibr129-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00207543.2011.563902"},{"key":"bibr130-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2020.06.057"},{"key":"bibr131-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-5973.12198"},{"key":"bibr132-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/S0742-332220150000033009"},{"key":"bibr133-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.744"},{"key":"bibr135-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lrp.2010.01.005"},{"key":"bibr136-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11573-019-00950-5"},{"key":"bibr137-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1509\/jm.15.0535"},{"key":"bibr138-02662426211055447","volume-title":"Case Study Research: Design and Methods","author":"Yin RK","year":"2009","edition":"4"},{"key":"bibr139-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwb.2020.101143"},{"key":"bibr140-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xinn.2020.100049"},{"key":"bibr141-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lrp.2009.07.004"},{"key":"bibr142-02662426211055447","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0001839219843486"}],"container-title":["International Small Business Journal: Researching Entrepreneurship"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/02662426211055447","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/02662426211055447","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/02662426211055447","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T11:47:36Z","timestamp":1777463256000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/02662426211055447"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,6]]},"references-count":133,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/02662426211055447"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/02662426211055447","relation":{},"ISSN":["0266-2426","1741-2870"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0266-2426","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-2870","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,6]]}}}