{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T06:36:00Z","timestamp":1782714960224,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745452800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH","award":["RO1HL148227"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO1HL148227"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Phlebology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To characterise the microscopic structure of thrombus induced by direct effect of sclerosants (sclerothrombus) compared with that of post-sclerotherapy retained coagulum (trapped blood; sclerocoagulum) and thrombus in acute superficial venous thrombosis (SVT).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and fluorescence microscopy were used to assess the structural architecture of thrombus samples. Sclerothrombus samples were generated\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      following incubation of whole blood or platelet-rich plasma with detergent sclerosants sodium tetradecyl sulphate (STS) or polidocanol (POL). Sclerocoagulum samples were collected from patients treated for varicose veins with STS 1.5% foam. Samples of naturally occurring thrombus were collected from patients with SVT.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Acute sclerothrombus contained a mesh-like distribution of branched fibrin fibers dispersed with red cells and microparticles. STS-induced sclerothrombus showed thicker fibrin strands with less branching and contained more microparticles when compared to POL-induced clots. Sclerothrombus at 1\u00a0week exhibited a fibrin sponge structure. Sclerocoagulum showed a disorganised distribution of thin, tortuous and branching fibers containing large gaps dispersed with haemolysed red cells and cell debris. SVT contained a smooth fibrin mesh of relatively thick fibrin strands with scarce branching and fewer microparticles.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The three entities of sclerothrombus, sclerocoagulum and SVT are distinct and distinguishable entities. Whilst sclerothrombus and SVT demonstrate features of a fibrin clot, sclerocoagulum is haemolysed blood containing disorganised fibrin strands.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/02683555251336929","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T09:32:16Z","timestamp":1745487136000},"page":"772-781","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Spaghetti with meatballs or noodles: Microscopic structure of sclerosant-induced thrombus, sclerocoagulum and superficial venous thrombosis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Osvaldo","family":"Cooley Andrade","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Vincent\u2019s Hospital"},{"name":"The University of New South Wales"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9602-7213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David Ewan","family":"Connor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Vincent\u2019s Hospital"},{"name":"The University of New South Wales"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elton","family":"Chee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Vincent\u2019s Hospital"},{"name":"The University of New South Wales"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John W","family":"Weisel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0630-8877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kurosh","family":"Parsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Vincent\u2019s Hospital"},{"name":"The University of New South 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