{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T05:03:54Z","timestamp":1789448634518,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768521600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Phlebology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Commercially available cyanoacrylates are known to release formaldehyde during degradation. However, it is unknown whether venous adhesive cyanoacrylates used in the treatment of saphenous veins release formaldehyde. Formaldehyde is a known contact allergen, carcinogen and sensitiser.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      VenaSeal\n                      <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                      , VenaBlock\n                      <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                      , Glubran\n                      <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                      Tiss 2, Histoacryl\n                      <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                      , and Supaglue\n                      <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                      were investigated in vitro. All adhesive agents were polymerised in phosphate-buffered saline, sealed in glass bottles and incubated at 37\u00b0C for up to 12\u00a0weeks. Headspace-gas chromatography mass spectrometry was used to measure formaldehyde release at set time intervals.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Peak levels of formaldehyde were detected in all cyanoacrylate samples within 2\u00a0weeks of incubation, with peak levels ranging from 0.05% to 0.17% w\/w. These peak concentrations emerged as early as 2\u00a0weeks post-polymerisation and remained consistently elevated throughout the 12-week observation period. Glubran Tiss 2 demonstrated the lowest formaldehyde release at 0.05% w\/w, while VenaSeal exhibited the highest, reaching a peak of 0.17% w\/w at 2\u00a0weeks, similar to commercial SupaGlue. Notably, VenaSeal maintained formaldehyde levels above 0.1% w\/w for the duration of the 12-week testing period.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Formaldehyde is released during the post-polymerisation degradation of medical cyanoacrylates. Despite all products containing n-butyl cyanoacrylate (n-BCA), formaldehyde release varied\u2014likely due to undisclosed formulation differences. VenaSeal released the highest level (0.17% w\/w) compared to other products tested, suggesting that formulation influences degradation behaviour.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/02683555261416665","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T23:23:39Z","timestamp":1768605819000},"page":"797-807","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Formaldehyde is released from cyanoacrylate adhesives used in venous occlusion systems"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9802-6692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph","family":"Grac\u00e9","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"St Vincent\u2019s Hospital"},{"name":"The University of New South Wales"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9602-7213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David E.","family":"Connor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St Vincent\u2019s Hospital"},{"name":"The University of New South Wales"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard O.","family":"Day","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of New South Wales"},{"name":"St Vincent\u2019s Hospital Sydney"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9418-5936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin P.","family":"Bucknall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of New South Wales"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Jenner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of New South Wales"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danijela","family":"Kocic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St Vincent\u2019s Hospital Sydney"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Exner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Haematex Research"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0630-8877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kurosh","family":"Parsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St Vincent\u2019s Hospital"},{"name":"The University of New South Wales"},{"name":"St Vincent\u2019s Hospital Sydney"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0268355519864755"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0741-5214(03)00420-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11604-014-0328-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvsv.2012.09.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_6_2","unstructured":"MEDICAL DEVICE MATERIAL PERFORMANCE STUDY Cyanoacrylates Safety Profile Report Details Date of Submission 5\/24\/2021 Prepared For U.S. FDA Center for Devices and Radiological Health Submitted to Ed Margerrison PhD - Google Search. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/media\/158488\/download (accessed 1 July 2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0268355517733339"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0268355519856756"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_9_2","first-page":"23","article-title":"Serious adverse events with cyanoacrylate closure of varicose veins: an initial report from a large-scale national survey in Japan","author":"Umetsu M","year":"2024","unstructured":"Umetsu M, Hirokawa M, Fukaya E, et al. 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