{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T18:31:57Z","timestamp":1787596317651,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787184000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Phlebology"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Long-pulsed Nd: YAG 1064 lasers are the standard of care for superficial vein transcutaneous laser treatment. The current concept suggests that the larger the laser spot size, the deeper the penetration into the skin for two reasons: First, wider spot sizes allow the use of higher pulse energy, as energy density (Fluence) decreases exponentially as the beam area widens. Second, the same pulse energy delivered by a smaller beam will be concentrated in the surface owing to the scattering effect. In this study, we examine the effect on skin penetration by changing the spot size of a long-pulsed Nd: YAG 1064\u00a0nm laser.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>100 different skin samples from 5 human dermolipectomy flaps were shot with 3 consecutive long-pulsed Nd: YAG 1064\u00a0nm pulses, one of each with a different spot size (3, 5, and 7\u00a0mm), while an energy meter was placed underneath to measure energy. In the first 80 samples, the same total energy (10J) was used for all 240 shots. In the last 20 samples, the same energy density (Fluence) of 100\u00a0J\/cm2 was used in all 60 shots.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      No variations in mean energy across all spot sizes were observed (3\u00a0mm = 3.85 \u00b1 0.89\u00a0J, 5\u00a0mm = 4.15 \u00b1 0.83\u00a0J, 7\u00a0mm = 3.96 \u00b1 0.73\u00a0J,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.072). Regardless of the spot size, the average pulse energy attenuation was 60.1% with a standard deviation of 8.3%. The average fluence attenuation was 52.3% with a standard deviation of 5.7%. A strong correlation was found in the final energy measured in the same area, regardless of the spot size used.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In an ex vivo human skin model, varying the spot size of a long-pulsed Nd: YAG 1064\u00a0nm laser did not significantly affect energy transmission to the subdermal tissue.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/02683555261478721","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T18:12:52Z","timestamp":1787249572000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Spot size variation and skin interaction of long-pulse 1064nm Nd: YAG laser used for varicose veins treatment: A prospective, randomized, assessor-blinded ex vivo study"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5145-3793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcelo Halfen","family":"Grill","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Santa Casa de S\u00e3o Paulo School of Medical Sciences"},{"name":"Cl\u00ednica Varilaser"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2203-0583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Kikuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Santa Casa de S\u00e3o Paulo School of Medical Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Augusto Caffaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Santa Casa de S\u00e3o Paulo School of Medical Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6803-9060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabela","family":"Leal Zampirolli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Santa Casa de S\u00e3o Paulo School of Medical Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliana","family":"Amorim Teixeira Grill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cl\u00ednica Varilaser"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thiago","family":"Alvarez Grill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cl\u00ednica Varilaser"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2487-3052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Fernanda","family":"Portugal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Albert Einstein Israeli Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9285-7647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nara Medeiros Cunha de Melo","family":"Vasconcelos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Santa Casa de S\u00e3o Paulo School of Medical Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2147-9092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samantha","family":"Neves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Santa Casa de S\u00e3o Paulo School of Medical Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valeria Cristina Resende","family":"Aguiar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Santa Casa de S\u00e3o Paulo School of Medical Sciences"},{"name":"Cl\u00ednica Ramacciotti"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viviane Santana","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cl\u00ednica Ramacciotti"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5735-1333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"Ramacciotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Santa Casa de S\u00e3o Paulo School of Medical Sciences"},{"name":"Cl\u00ednica Ramacciotti"},{"name":"Science Valley Research Institute"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000004631"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/phleb.2010.009092"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0268355515591440"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvsv.2020.01.003"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_3_7_6_2","first-page":"CD012723","article-title":"Treatment for telangiectasias and reticular veins","volume":"10","author":"Nakano LC","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nakano LC, Cacione DG, Baptista-Silva JC, et al. Treatment for telangiectasias and reticular veins. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2021; 10(10): CD012723. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD012723.pub2","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12479191"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_7_8_2","first-page":"457","article-title":"Effects of long-pulsed 1064-nm Nd:YAG laser on telangiectasias and reticular veins: a human in-vivo histological study","volume":"42","author":"Kikuchi R","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kikuchi R, Grill MH, Caffaro RA, et al. Effects of long-pulsed 1064-nm Nd:YAG laser on telangiectasias and reticular veins: a human in-vivo histological study. 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Optical Methods for Tumor Treatment and Detection 1993; 1881: 222\u2013230.","journal-title":"Optical Methods for Tumor Treatment and Detection"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.20141"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-017-2317-4"}],"container-title":["Phlebology: The Journal of Venous Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/02683555261478721","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/02683555261478721","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/02683555261478721","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T17:54:49Z","timestamp":1787594089000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/02683555261478721"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"references-count":11,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/02683555261478721"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/02683555261478721","relation":{},"ISSN":["0268-3555","1758-1125"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0268-3555","type":"print"},{"value":"1758-1125","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"article-number":"02683555261478721"}}