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However, an analysis of extant literature reveals (i) a lack of theoretically grounded studies of large-scale agile transformations; (ii) weak assumptions underpinning those that do exist; and (iii) an overly simplistic and often problematic over-reliance on simple adherence to agile methods. In addition, there is a lack of insights on why large-scale agile transformations fail. To explore this, we apply normalisation process theory (NPT) to examine key challenges in normalising (i.e. the process of embedding and sustaining) large-scale agile methods. We present an in-depth case study of large-scale agile transformation and demonstrate how failing to normalise a large-scale agile method can unravel an organisation\u2019s transformation efforts. There are four key contributions from this research. First, this study shows that the standard focus on initial adoption is one of the main reasons for the widespread failure of digital transformations and in this case a large-scale agile transformation. Second, this is the first study to introduce and empirically apply NPT to information system development (ISD) as an illustrative guide for those across information systems field to follow. Third, we present key recommendations based on NPT to guide researchers and practitioners on the normalisation of large-scale transformations. Fourth, we present an agenda for future research on large-scale agile transformations. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/02683962231164428","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,3]],"date-time":"2023-03-03T04:41:00Z","timestamp":1677818460000},"page":"267-303","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["From transformation to normalisation: An exploratory study of a large-scale agile transformation"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8344-1220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noel","family":"Carroll","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Business Information Systems, School of Business and Economics, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland"}]},{"given":"Kieran","family":"Conboy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Business Information Systems, School of Business and Economics, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland"}]},{"given":"Xiaofeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computer Science, Bozen-Bolzano, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Italy"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-02683962231164428","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/ejis.2009.27"},{"key":"bibr2-02683962231164428","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1460458215594651"},{"key":"bibr3-02683962231164428","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.1090.0244"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr101-02683962231164428","first-page":"25","volume":"29","author":"Barlow J. 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