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AI\u2019s opacity, autonomy, and systemic risks demand risk-informed, technology-specific governance. We identify the pacing problem, where innovation outstrips regulatory capacity, and propose a tripartite framework distinguishing functional, structural, and relational risks. Comparative analysis of EU, US, UK, and Chinese approaches highlights divergent logics of precaution, market oversight, hybrid flexibility, and state control. Effective governance requires embedding risk into policy design through adaptive, proportionate, and harmonised mechanisms, balancing innovation with accountability. 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