{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T21:29:35Z","timestamp":1790026175688,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,26]],"date-time":"2009-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1243296000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin Rehabil"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Objective: To explore, following a literature review, whether there is a consistent definition and a unified assessment framework for the term `spasticity'. The congruence between the definitions of spasticity and the corresponding methods of measurement were also explored. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Data sources: The search was performed on the electronic databases Web of Science, Science Direct and MEDLINE. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Review methods: A systematic literature search of publications written in English between the years 1980 and 2006 was performed with the following keywords: spasticity and tone. The search was limited to the following keywords: stroke, hemiplegia, upper, hand and arm. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Results: Two hundred and fifty references contributed to this review (190 clinical trials, 46 literature reviews, and 14 case reports). Seventy-eight used the Lance definition; 88 equated spasticity with increased muscle tone; 78 provided no definition; and six others used their own definitions for spasticity. Most papers used a single measure and some used more than one. Forty-seven papers used neurophysiological methods of testing, 228 used biomechanical methods of measurement or assessment, 25 used miscellaneous clinical measures (e.g. spasm frequency scales) and 19 did not explicitly describe a measure. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Conclusion: The term spasticity is inconsistently defined and this inconsistency will need to be resolved. Often, the measures used did not correspond to the clinical features of spasticity that were defined within a paper (i.e. internal validity was compromised). There is need to ensure that this lack of congruence is addressed in future research. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215508101747","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,27]],"date-time":"2009-05-27T01:44:13Z","timestamp":1243388653000},"page":"651-658","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":184,"title":["Spasticity, an impairment that is poorly defined and poorly measured"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"S.","family":"Malhotra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health & Rehabilitation and Research Institute for Life Course Studies, University of Keele"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"AD","family":"Pandyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health & Rehabilitation and Research Institute for Life Course Studies, University of Keele,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"CR","family":"Day","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Environment, Physical Sciences & Applied Mathematics, University of Keele"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"PW","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, University of Keele, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Hermens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Roessingh Research and Development BV, Enschede, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511544866.002"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/0269215502cr512oa"},{"key":"atypb3","volume-title":"The cerebral control of movement","author":"Denny-Brown D.","year":"1966"},{"key":"atypb4","unstructured":"Lance J. Symposium synopsis. In Feldman RJ, Young RR, Koella WP. eds. Spasticity disordered motor control. Chicago: Year Book, 1980, 485-94."},{"key":"atypb5","unstructured":"Lance J. Pathophysiology of spasticity and clinical experience with baclofen. In Lance J, Feldman R, Young R, Koella W. eds. Spasticity disordered motor control. Chicago: Year Book, 1980, 185-204."},{"key":"atypb6","unstructured":"Lance J. Discussion. In Lance J, Feldman R, Young R, Koella W. eds. Spasticity disordered motor control. Chicago: Year Book, 1980, 51-55."},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.111.1.e89"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09638280400014576"},{"key":"atypb9","first-page":"668","volume":"33","author":"Levine MG","year":"1952","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"atypb10","first-page":"59","volume":"3","author":"Stefanovska A.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Crit Rev Phys Rehabil Med"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/65.3.299"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(00)00299-9"},{"key":"atypb13","first-page":"103","volume":"105","author":"Bennett D.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"atypb14","first-page":"401","volume":"47","author":"Burke D.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Adv Neurol"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.2006.01652.x"},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09638280400014600"},{"key":"atypb17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(02)00173-0"},{"key":"atypb18","volume-title":"The coordination and regulation of movements","author":"Bernstein N.","year":"1967"},{"key":"atypb19","volume-title":"International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF)","author":"World Health Organization."},{"key":"atypb20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09638280400014683"},{"key":"atypb21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09638280400014592"},{"key":"atypb22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09638280400014634"},{"key":"atypb23","volume-title":"Neurophysiology of spasticity","author":"Sheean G.","year":"2001"},{"key":"atypb24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09638280500242390"},{"key":"atypb25","first-page":"65","volume":"70","author":"Price R.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Crit Rev Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"atypb26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2006.01639.x"}],"container-title":["Clinical Rehabilitation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0269215508101747","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0269215508101747","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T04:46:48Z","timestamp":1740804408000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0269215508101747"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,26]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0269215508101747"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0269215508101747","relation":{},"ISSN":["0269-2155","1477-0873"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0269-2155","type":"print"},{"value":"1477-0873","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,26]]}}}