{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T15:11:46Z","timestamp":1787065906319,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,5]],"date-time":"2023-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693872000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Rehabil"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of transcranial direct current stimulation associated with brain\u2013computer interface in stroke patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data sources<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The PubMed, Central, PEDro, Web of Science, SCOPUS, PsycINFO Ovid, CINAHL EBSCO, EMBASE, and ScienceDirect databases were searched from inception to April 2023 for randomized controlled studies reporting the effects of active transcranial direct current stimulation associated with brain\u2013computer interface to a transcranial direct current stimulation sham associated with brain\u2013computer interface condition on the outcome measure (motor performance and functional independence).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Review methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We searched for full-text articles which had investigated the effect of transcranial direct current stimulation associated with brain\u2013computer interface on motor performance in the upper extremities in stroke patients. The standardized mean differences derived from the change in scores between pretreatment and post-treatment were adopted as the effect size measure, with a 95% confidence interval. Possible sources of heterogeneity were analyzed by performing subgroup analyses in order to examine the moderating effects for one variable: the level of injury severity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nine studies were included in the qualitative synthesis and the meta-analysis. The findings of the conducted analyses indicated there is not enough evidence to suggest that active transcranial direct current stimulation associated with brain\u2013computer interface is more efficient in motor performance and functional independence when compared to sham transcranial direct current stimulation associated with brain\u2013computer interface or brain\u2013computer interface alone. In addition, the quality of evidence was rated very low. A subgroup analysis was performed for the motor performance outcome considering the injury severity level.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found evidence that transcranial direct current stimulation associated with brain\u2013computer interface was not more beneficial than sham transcranial direct current stimulation associated with brain\u2013computer interface or brain\u2013computer interface alone.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/02692155231200086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]],"date-time":"2023-09-06T01:54:27Z","timestamp":1693965267000},"page":"3-14","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Brain\u2013Computer Interfaces for Improving Post-Stroke Recovery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7031-1969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eloise de Oliveira","family":"Lima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aging and Neuroscience Laboratory, Federal \rUniversity of Para\u00edba, Jo\u00e3o Pessoa, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0960-3273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Let\u00edcia Maria","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aging and Neuroscience Laboratory, Federal \rUniversity of Para\u00edba, Jo\u00e3o Pessoa, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Lu\u00edsa Vilar","family":"Melo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aging and Neuroscience Laboratory, Federal \rUniversity of Para\u00edba, Jo\u00e3o Pessoa, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia Vit\u00f3ria Torres","family":"D\u2019arruda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aging and Neuroscience Laboratory, Federal \rUniversity of Para\u00edba, Jo\u00e3o Pessoa, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marlon","family":"Alexandre de Albuquerque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aging and Neuroscience Laboratory, Federal \rUniversity of Para\u00edba, Jo\u00e3o Pessoa, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Maur\u00edcio","family":"Ramos de Souza Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Alternative and Renewable Energies, \rFederal University of Para\u00edba, Jo\u00e3o Pessoa, \rBrazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eliane","family":"Ara\u00fajo de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aging and Neuroscience Laboratory, Federal \rUniversity of Para\u00edba, Jo\u00e3o Pessoa, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6801-0462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suellen Marinho","family":"Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aging and Neuroscience Laboratory, Federal \rUniversity of Para\u00edba, Jo\u00e3o Pessoa, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-55381-0.00001-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-55381-0.00009-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2018.04.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) for improving activities of daily living, and physical and cognitive functioning, in people after stroke","volume":"3","author":"Elsner B","year":"2016","unstructured":"Elsner B, Kugler J, Pohl M, et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) for improving activities of daily living, and physical and cognitive functioning, in people after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016; 3: 1\u2013168.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyaa051"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2011.12.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2014.09.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-130929"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968311413906"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Task-related brain functional network reconfigurations relate to motor recovery in chronic subcortical stroke","volume":"11","author":"Cheng HJ","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cheng HJ, et al. Task-related brain functional network reconfigurations relate to motor recovery in chronic subcortical stroke. 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