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Demographic and clinical information on agitation, disability, and neurobehavioral condition (i.e., Overt Agitation Severity Scale, Disability Rating Scale, and the Coma Recovery Scale-Revised Index) were collected at admission to a rehabilitation facility and long-term acute care hospital, and 24 months post admission.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      One hundred and nineteen patients (unresponsive wakefulness state\u2009=\u200962, minimally conscious state\u2009=\u200957), of which 68.1% (unresponsive wakefulness state\u2009=\u200935, minimally conscious state\u2009=\u200946) exhibited signs of agitation with varying intensity. Patients in minimally conscious state showed significantly higher Overt Agitation Severity Scale scores in the upper and lower limb subscales, compared to patients in unresponsive wakefulness state (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.001 and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.007, respectively). The Overt Agitation Severity Scale total score showed significant correlations with both the Coma Recovery Scale-Revised Index and the Disability Rating Scale total score. At 24 months after admission, 41 patients (11.3% unresponsive wakefulness state, 59.7% MCS) emerged from the minimally conscious state, whereas 78 patients were still in a disorder of consciousness. A logistic regression model found that traumatic etiology, higher Coma Recovery Scale-Revised Index and higher Overt Agitation Severity Scale total score increased the probability of emergence from the minimally conscious state at 24 months (accuracy\u2009=\u200980.7%).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our results provide the first evidence for agitation as a diagnostic and prognostic marker of recovery of consciousness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/02692155251396014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T18:39:04Z","timestamp":1763404744000},"page":"373-384","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Overt Agitation in Patients With Prolonged Disorders of Consciousness: Prevalence, Clinical Characterization and Predictive Value"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4749-5288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alice","family":"Barra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Neurorehabilitation and Brain Research Group, Institute for Human-Centered Technology Research, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Camino de Vera s\/n, Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Coma Science Group, GIGA Consciousness - GIGA Research, University of Li\u00e8ge, Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3834-6392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfonso","family":"Magliacano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Dolores","family":"Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRENEA. 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