{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T16:03:04Z","timestamp":1791820984648,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776729600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Rehabil"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of immersive virtual reality-based naming therapy in individuals with chronic post-stroke aphasia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Randomized, single-blind, parallel-group, and controlled trial.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Hospital.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 102 individuals with non-fluent aphasia (aged 40\u201380 years), randomly assigned to two groups (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200951 each).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interventions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The virtual reality group received virtual reality-based self-managed naming therapy in an immersive environment, while the control group received conventional therapy. Both interventions were delivered 5 times per week over 8 weeks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The primary outcome was language performance, measured by the Gulhane Aphasia Test. Secondary outcomes included Stroke and Aphasia Quality of Life Scale and enjoyment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      At baseline, groups were similar in demographics and clinical measures (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&gt;\u20090.05). Both groups showed significant improvements in the Gulhane Aphasia Test and Stroke and Aphasia Quality of Life Scale scores (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). The virtual reality group improved across all Gulhane Aphasia Test subscales (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). In contrast, the control group did not show gains in listening comprehension and repetition. Stroke and Aphasia Quality of Life subscale improvements were broader in the virtual reality group. Between-group comparisons indicated significantly higher gains in the virtual reality group in oral motor (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.005), naming (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001), and enjoyment (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.002).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Therapy based on immersive virtual reality showed better results for naming, quality of life, and patient engagement. These findings suggest that virtual reality is an effective intervention for aphasia rehabilitation. Future studies are needed to investigate long-term effects and the potential for home-based applications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/02692155261445265","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T14:03:37Z","timestamp":1776780217000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Efficacy of immersive virtual reality-based self-managed naming therapy for chronic post-stroke aphasia: A randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8605-8286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramazan","family":"Kurul","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enes Tayyip","family":"Benli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tar\u0131k","family":"Ozkan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mustafa Fatih","family":"Ya\u015far","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sule","family":"Aydin Turko\u011flu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(21)00230-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000524206"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramsberger G Marie B. 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