{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T03:18:52Z","timestamp":1790738332214,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,9,1]],"date-time":"2005-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1125532800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Psychopharmacol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The present study is aimed at characterizing the carbon dioxide (CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) procedure in healthy subjects to achieve reliable provocation of anxiety symptoms.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Thirty healthy subjects inhaled in single-blind both compressed air and 7% CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    mixture. Panic Symptom List (PSLIII-R), Visual Analogue Scale-Anxiety (VAS-A), State Anxiety Inventory (STAI-Y\/1), respiratory parameters and skin conductance were measured. \u2018Responders\u2019 were classified depending on PSLIII-R scores after CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    . Twelve out of the 21 \u2018responders\u2019 performed a second test to assess test-retest repeatability.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    In 21 subjects%VAS-A (45.4 32.1) and PSLIII-R (pre-test 2.3 2.1, post-test 17.5 8.2) but not STAI-Y\/1, significantly increased during CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    inhalation. Respiratory Rate, Minute Volume, end-Tidal CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    and skin conductance rose in \u2018responders\u2019. Repeatability was studied with Bland-Altman plots, revealing mean difference between tests close to 0 for both%VAS-A and PSLIII-R. Among physiologic parameters, end-Tidal CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    and Respiratory Rate showed good repeatability, with a within-subject CV of 9.2% and 6%, respectively.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>The challenge produced measurable response in healthy subjects. Good test-retest repeatability was observed in \u2018responders\u2019. These data indicate that the test can be suitable for testing putative anti-panic or anxiolytic drugs in clinical studies using a within subject, crossover design.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881105056533","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,9,15]],"date-time":"2005-09-15T10:18:37Z","timestamp":1126779517000},"page":"494-503","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Characterization of a 7% carbon dioxide (CO2) inhalation paradigm to evoke anxiety symptoms in healthy subjects"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Stefano Zanone","family":"Poma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry Centre of Excellence for Drug Discovery, Medical Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Verona, Italy\/Harlow, UK and Dipartimento di Neuroscienze-Sezione di Psichiatria, Universit\u00e0 di Padova, Padova, 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