{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T16:47:21Z","timestamp":1788281241432,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,12]],"date-time":"2008-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1229040000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Psychopharmacol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Intuitively, phobic exposure would seem to be a very stressful experience. However, it is not clear whether the characteristic feature of a classic stress response, activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, is present in phobic fear. Some instances of phobic fear have been found to be accompanied by robust increases in cortisol, whereas in other instances a dissociation between subjective-behavioural arousal and the HPA-axis has been found. The latter is referred to as desynchrony of fear. The aim of the current study was to test the hypothesis that phobic fear is similar to normal fear and, as such, is accompanied by a robust increase in cortisol values. In all, 16 spider phobic subjects and 16 healthy controls participated in the study. During and following a standardised stepwise exposure paradigm, saliva samples were collected for cortisol determination. In contrast to the controls, the spider phobics reacted with a strong fear reaction to the spiders. However, cortisol levels remained unaffected. The phobic response did not resemble the classic \u2018fight or flight\u2019 response. Some suggest that the HPA-axis response has become extinguished in modern man. Yet, it is possible that phobic fear is not a derivative of an ancient fear but rather a separate entity that relies on other neuroendocrinological systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881108098821","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,12]],"date-time":"2008-12-12T21:36:32Z","timestamp":1229117792000},"page":"695-699","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Desynchrony of fear in phobic exposure"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"MA","family":"van Duinen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Vijverdal Academic Anxiety Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"KRJ","family":"Schruers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Vijverdal Academic Anxiety Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"EJL","family":"Griez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Vijverdal Academic Anxiety Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PSY.0000073872.85623.0C"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ps.39.020188.000355"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-8986.00104"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-197808000-00002"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0887-6185(94)00021-2"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-198507000-00001"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)01126-4"},{"key":"atypb8","volume-title":"The adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex","author":"Ganong, WF","year":"1995"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(96)10069-2"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7894(74)80008-0"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(99)00059-1"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0887-6185(93)90003-4"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6394(1999)10:1<25::AID-DA4>3.0.CO;2-O"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-198507000-00002"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.108.3.483"},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.105.2.325"},{"key":"atypb17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7894(71)80064-3"},{"key":"atypb18","first-page":"138","volume":"32","author":"Selye, H.","year":"1936","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"atypb19","volume-title":"Knapp, E Weiller, E","author":"Sheehan, D.","year":"1994"},{"key":"atypb20","volume-title":"STAI Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory","author":"Spielberger, CD","year":"1970"},{"key":"atypb21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1992.01820080032005"},{"key":"atypb22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7916(94)00072-T"},{"key":"atypb23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0327(94)90076-0"}],"container-title":["Journal of Psychopharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0269881108098821","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0269881108098821","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:05:56Z","timestamp":1777507556000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0269881108098821"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,12]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0269881108098821"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0269881108098821","relation":{},"ISSN":["0269-8811","1461-7285"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0269-8811","type":"print"},{"value":"1461-7285","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,12]]}}}