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To increase the information available about unscheduled sedating medications and to evaluate the ability of human laboratory measures to discriminate between scheduled and unscheduled sedating drugs, 24 subjects with a history of experience with several classes of drugs of abuse, including sedatives and\/or alcohol, and who reported liking a test dose of pentobarbital 300\u2009mg, were randomized to single doses of diphenhydramine 400\u2009mg, levetiracetam 4000\u2009mg, valproic acid 1500\u2009mg, diazepam 30\u2009mg or placebo in a double-blind, 5-way crossover study. On the Addiction Research Center Inventory\u2013Morphine-Benzedrine Group and the Next Day Questionnaire measures \u2018Take Again\u2019 and \u2018Willing to Pay\u2019, diazepam produced a significantly greater effect than placebo; all three other active drugs did not. Levetiracetam significantly increased the crossover point on the Multiple Choice Procedure, whereas diazepam did not. For the doses studied, the rank order of statistically significant findings suggestive of abuse potential was diazepam (9\/10 measures significant)\u2009&gt;\u2009levetiracetam (6\/10)\u2009&gt;\u2009diphenhydramine (5\/10)\u2009&gt;\u2009valproic acid (2\/10).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881109359095","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,11]],"date-time":"2010-02-11T00:10:39Z","timestamp":1265847039000},"page":"763-773","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Evaluation of the subjective and reinforcing effects of diphenhydramine, levetiracetam, and valproic acid"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Douglas E","family":"Feltner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, CT, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Haig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0269881109359095","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/seiz.2000.0380"},{"key":"bibr2-0269881109359095","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.24.11.1019"},{"key":"bibr3-0269881109359095","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1983.tb02531.x"},{"key":"bibr4-0269881109359095","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2008.03.001"},{"key":"bibr5-0269881109359095","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1527-3458.2007.00004.x"},{"key":"bibr6-0269881109359095","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-0361.2007.00119.x"},{"key":"bibr7-0269881109359095","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-8716(91)90054-3"},{"key":"bibr8-0269881109359095","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02246172"},{"key":"bibr9-0269881109359095","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2007.09.020"},{"issue":"9","key":"bibr10-0269881109359095","first-page":"31","volume":"66","author":"Griffiths RR","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"bibr11-0269881109359095","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1064-1297.4.1.97"},{"key":"bibr12-0269881109359095","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/026988110001400107"},{"key":"bibr13-0269881109359095","unstructured":"Lezak M, Howieson D, Loring D, Hanny J, Fischer J (2004) Neuropsychological assessment, 4th edn. 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