{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T03:18:22Z","timestamp":1790738302076,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,16]],"date-time":"2010-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1268697600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Psychopharmacol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    We have previously developed a putative model of generalized anxiety disorder in healthy volunteers using a 20-minute 7.5% carbon dioxide (CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) inhalation challenge. The aim of this study was to validate the 7.5% CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    paradigm by assessing its effects in patients with generalized anxiety disorder in a test\u2013retest design. Twelve medication-free generalized anxiety disorder patients attended our lab for two study days. On each study day placebo (compressed air) and 7.5% CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    mixture were randomly administered over 20\u2009min, at least 30\u2009min apart, in a single blind, randomized, placebo-controlled cross-over design. Subjective ratings, cardiovascular measures and cortisol levels were collected throughout. CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    challenge significantly increased ratings for anxiety and other subjective symptoms associated with generalized anxiety disorder, compared with air. It also significantly increased systolic blood pressure on day 2, indicating increased autonomic arousal. There was no change between the two test days in mean anxiety rating scores, and there also appeared to be a correlation for individual scores on a number of the subjective measures. In conclusion, 20\u2009min of 7.5% CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    gas inhalation increases anxiety responses in patients with generalized anxiety disorder, and this is reliable over time.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881110364270","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,16]],"date-time":"2010-03-16T21:12:07Z","timestamp":1268773927000},"page":"43-51","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Effects of 7.5% CO\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    challenge in generalized anxiety disorder"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Kate","family":"Seddon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bristol, Psychopharmacology Unit, Bristol, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bristol, Psychopharmacology Unit, Bristol, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jayne","family":"Bailey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bristol, Psychopharmacology Unit, Bristol, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Potokar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bristol, Psychopharmacology Unit, Bristol, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann","family":"Rich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bristol, Psychopharmacology Unit, Bristol, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sue","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bristol, Psychopharmacology Unit, Bristol, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Bettica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discovery Medicine, Europe Neurosciences CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline, Verona, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David J","family":"Nutt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Edmond J Safra Chair in Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Molecular Imaging, Imperial College London, London, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0269881110364270","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00075-0"},{"key":"bibr2-0269881110364270","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2008.04.002"},{"key":"bibr3-0269881110364270","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20048"},{"key":"bibr4-0269881110364270","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/02698811030173002"},{"key":"bibr5-0269881110364270","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881106063889"},{"key":"bibr6-0269881110364270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A23","DOI":"10.1177\/026988110101500105","volume":"15","author":"Bailey JE","year":"2001","journal-title":"J 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