{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,11]],"date-time":"2026-11-11T05:20:36Z","timestamp":1794374436443,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,20]],"date-time":"2010-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1284940800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Psychopharmacol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Psilocybin and related hallucinogenic compounds are increasingly used in human research. However, due to limited information about potential subjective side effects, the controlled medical use of these compounds has remained controversial. We therefore analysed acute, short- and long-term subjective effects of psilocybin in healthy humans by pooling raw data from eight double-blind placebo-controlled experimental studies conducted between 1999 and 2008. The analysis included 110 healthy subjects who had received 1\u20134 oral doses of psilocybin (45\u2013315\n                    <jats:sup>\u2009<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u00b5g\/kg body weight). Although psilocybin dose-dependently induced profound changes in mood, perception, thought and self-experience, most subjects described the experience as pleasurable, enriching and non-threatening. Acute adverse drug reactions, characterized by strong dysphoria and\/or anxiety\/panic, occurred only in the two highest dose conditions in a relatively small proportion of subjects. All acute adverse drug reactions were successfully managed by providing interpersonal support and did not need psychopharmacological intervention. Follow-up questionnaires indicated no subsequent drug abuse, persisting perception disorders, prolonged psychosis or other long-term impairment of functioning in any of our subjects. The results suggest that the administration of moderate doses of psilocybin to healthy, high-functioning and well-prepared subjects in the context of a carefully monitored research environment is associated with an acceptable level of risk.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881110382466","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,20]],"date-time":"2010-09-20T22:45:42Z","timestamp":1285022742000},"page":"1434-1452","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":448,"title":["Acute, subacute and long-term subjective effects of psilocybin in healthy humans: a pooled analysis of experimental studies"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Erich","family":"Studerus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital of Psychiatry Z\u00fcrich, Neuropsychopharmacology and Brain Imaging & Heffter Research Center, Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Kometer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital of Psychiatry Z\u00fcrich, Neuropsychopharmacology and Brain Imaging & Heffter Research Center, Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felix","family":"Hasler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital of Psychiatry Z\u00fcrich, Neuropsychopharmacology and Brain Imaging & Heffter Research Center, Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franz X","family":"Vollenweider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital of Psychiatry Z\u00fcrich, Neuropsychopharmacology and Brain Imaging & Heffter Research Center, Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0269881110382466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.140.5.518"},{"key":"bibr2-0269881110382466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1983.01790070074009"},{"key":"bibr3-0269881110382466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02018.x"},{"key":"bibr4-0269881110382466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-4927(96)02833-8"},{"key":"bibr5-0269881110382466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4927(01)00098-1"},{"key":"bibr6-0269881110382466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.97.4.443"},{"key":"bibr7-0269881110382466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1344(199807)41:7<585::AID-JLCR115>3.0.CO;2-U"},{"key":"bibr8-0269881110382466","volume-title":"Erinnerung an einen aussergew\u00f6hnlichen Bewusstseinszustand: Eine experimentelle Untersuchung zum autobiographischen Ged\u00e4chtnis [Recollection of an altered state of consciousness: An experimental study on the autobiographic memory]","author":"Bodmer I","year":"1999"},{"key":"bibr9-0269881110382466","unstructured":"Braun I (1997)\n                      Zur quantitativen Beschreibung aussergew\u00f6hnlicher Bewusstseinszust\u00e4nde im f\u00fcnfdimensionalen Raum: Eine empirische Studie\n                      [On the quantitative description of altered states of consciousness in the five-dimensional space: An empirical study]. Master\u2019s thesis, University of Z\u00fcrich."},{"key":"bibr10-0269881110382466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/089892905774597191"},{"key":"bibr11-0269881110382466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-007-0930-9"},{"key":"bibr12-0269881110382466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200408260-00023"},{"key":"bibr13-0269881110382466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300621"},{"key":"bibr14-0269881110382466","volume-title":"Neuro-Pharmacology","author":"Cerletti A","year":"1959"},{"key":"bibr15-0269881110382466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1960.03590090042008"},{"key":"bibr16-0269881110382466","first-page":"21","volume":"2","author":"Clark B","year":"1968","journal-title":"Brit J Soc Psychiat"},{"key":"bibr17-0269881110382466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-196001000-00005"},{"key":"bibr18-0269881110382466","first-page":"143","volume":"7","author":"David AE","year":"1961","journal-title":"Acta Neuropsiquiatr Argent"},{"key":"bibr19-0269881110382466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00405254"},{"key":"bibr20-0269881110382466","volume-title":"SCL-90-R: Symptom Checklist-90-R. Administration, scoring and procedures manual","author":"Derogatis LR","year":"1994"},{"key":"bibr21-0269881110382466","volume-title":"50 Years of LSD. Current Status and Perspectives of Hallucinogens","author":"Dittrich A","year":"1994"},{"key":"bibr22-0269881110382466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-979351"},{"key":"bibr23-0269881110382466","volume-title":"5D-ABZ: Fragebogen zur Erfassung Aussergew\u00f6hnlicher Bewusstseinszust\u00e4nde. Eine kurze Einf\u00fchrung. [5D-ASC: Questionnaire for the Assessment of Altered States of Consciousness. A Short Introduction]","author":"Dittrich A","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr24-0269881110382466","first-page":"319","volume":"9","author":"Dittrich A","year":"1985","journal-title":"Germ J Psych"},{"key":"bibr25-0269881110382466","first-page":"1","volume":"23","author":"Doblin R","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Transpersonal Psychol"},{"key":"bibr26-0269881110382466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470515167.ch60"},{"key":"bibr27-0269881110382466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2005.04.008"},{"key":"bibr28-0269881110382466","volume-title":"Das Freiburger Pers\u00f6nlichkeitsinventar FPI [The Freiburg Personality Inventory FPI]","author":"Fahrenberg J","year":"1984"},{"key":"bibr29-0269881110382466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2007.07.018"},{"key":"bibr30-0269881110382466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.174.4012.897"},{"key":"bibr31-0269881110382466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01965761"},{"key":"bibr32-0269881110382466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01899102"},{"key":"bibr33-0269881110382466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2008.06.006"},{"key":"bibr34-0269881110382466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06612"},{"key":"bibr35-0269881110382466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/092986709787581851"},{"key":"bibr36-0269881110382466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2007.01.008"},{"key":"bibr37-0269881110382466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00008877-199811000-00011"},{"key":"bibr38-0269881110382466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-979356"},{"key":"bibr39-0269881110382466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(98)00089-X"},{"key":"bibr40-0269881110382466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130050860"},{"key":"bibr41-0269881110382466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881108094300"},{"key":"bibr42-0269881110382466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-006-0457-5"},{"key":"bibr43-0269881110382466","unstructured":"Grob CS, Danforth AL, Chopra GS, Hagerty M, McKay CR, Halberstadt AL, et al. (2009) A pilot study of psilocybin treatment in advanced-stage cancer patients with anxiety. Trial Registration: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00302744."},{"key":"bibr44-0269881110382466","first-page":"189","volume":"14","author":"Guzm\u00e1n G","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann Mus Civico Rovereto"},{"key":"bibr45-0269881110382466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(02)00306-X"},{"key":"bibr46-0269881110382466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-6865(97)00014-9"},{"key":"bibr47-0269881110382466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0731-7085(02)00278-9"},{"key":"bibr48-0269881110382466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-003-1640-6"},{"key":"bibr49-0269881110382466","first-page":"2","volume":"59","author":"Hasler F","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"key":"bibr50-0269881110382466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-008-1129-4"},{"key":"bibr51-0269881110382466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000131191"},{"key":"bibr52-0269881110382466","first-page":"214","volume":"89","author":"Heimann H","year":"1962","journal-title":"Schweiz Arch Neurol Neurochir Psychiatr"},{"key":"bibr53-0269881110382466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1038191"},{"key":"bibr54-0269881110382466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01899105"},{"key":"bibr55-0269881110382466","unstructured":"Hillebrand J, Olszewski D and Sedefov R (2006)\n                      EMCDDA Thematic Papers \u2013 Hallucinogenic Mushrooms: An Emerging Trend Case Study. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drugs Addiction\n                      . Retrieved from: http:\/\/www.emcdda.europa.eu\/html.cfm\/index31208EN.html (24 June 2010)."},{"key":"bibr56-0269881110382466","volume-title":"Chemical constitution and pharmacodynamic actions","author":"Hofmann A","year":"1968"},{"key":"bibr57-0269881110382466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02159243"},{"key":"bibr58-0269881110382466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hlca.19590420518"},{"key":"bibr59-0269881110382466","first-page":"42","volume":"130","author":"Hollister LE","year":"1961","journal-title":"Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther"},{"key":"bibr60-0269881110382466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-440X(62)80024-8"},{"key":"bibr61-0269881110382466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00343238"},{"key":"bibr62-0269881110382466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.126.4.565"},{"key":"bibr63-0269881110382466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bimj.200810425"},{"key":"bibr64-0269881110382466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00408109"},{"key":"bibr65-0269881110382466","volume-title":"Die Eigenschaftsw\u00f6rterliste (EWL-K) [The Adjective Word List EWL-K]","author":"Janke W","year":"1978"},{"key":"bibr66-0269881110382466","volume-title":"Die Eigenschaftsw\u00f6rterliste EWL 60 S [The Adjective Word List EWL-60 S]. Internationale Skalen f\u00fcr Psychiatrie","author":"Janke W","year":"1986"},{"key":"bibr67-0269881110382466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881108093587"},{"key":"bibr68-0269881110382466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-86258-8"},{"key":"bibr69-0269881110382466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1094326"},{"key":"bibr70-0269881110382466","first-page":"356","volume":"39","author":"Leuner H","year":"1968","journal-title":"Nervenarzt"},{"key":"bibr71-0269881110382466","volume-title":"Halluzinogene: Psychische Grenzzust\u00e4nde in Forschung und Therapie [Hallucinogens: Psychological Borderline States in Research and Therapy]","author":"Leuner H","year":"1981"},{"key":"bibr72-0269881110382466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1971.01750070037005"},{"key":"bibr73-0269881110382466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1967.01730290009002"},{"key":"bibr74-0269881110382466","first-page":"3","volume":"5","author":"Metzner R","year":"1965","journal-title":"Psychedelic Rev"},{"key":"bibr75-0269881110382466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v67n1110"},{"key":"bibr76-0269881110382466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/136.9.754"},{"key":"bibr77-0269881110382466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2003.11.002"},{"key":"bibr78-0269881110382466","volume-title":"The neuropharmacology of religious experience: Hallucinogens and the experience of the divine. Where God and Science meet. How brain and evolutionary studies alter our understanding of religion","author":"Nichols DE","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr79-0269881110382466","first-page":"140","volume":"3","author":"Nieto D","year":"1962","journal-title":"Neurol Neuocir Psiquiat"},{"key":"bibr80-0269881110382466","volume-title":"Goodman And Gilman\u2019s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics","author":"O\u2019Brian CP","year":"2005"},{"key":"bibr81-0269881110382466","first-page":"149","volume":"5","author":"Pahnke W","year":"1969","journal-title":"Int Psychiatry Clin"},{"key":"bibr82-0269881110382466","first-page":"131","volume":"18","author":"Passie T","year":"1995","journal-title":"Curare"},{"key":"bibr83-0269881110382466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1355621021000005937"},{"key":"bibr84-0269881110382466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-0318-1"},{"key":"bibr85-0269881110382466","author":"Pinheiro JC","year":"2008","journal-title":"nlme: Linear and Nonlinear Mixed Effects Models. R package version 3.1-90 ed"},{"key":"bibr86-0269881110382466","author":"R Development Core Team","year":"2008","journal-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing: Vienna, Austria. ISBN 3-900051-07-0, URL http:\/\/www.R-project.org"},{"key":"bibr87-0269881110382466","volume-title":"Neuro-Psychopharmacology","volume":"2","author":"Rinkel MA","year":"1961"},{"key":"bibr88-0269881110382466","first-page":"365","volume":"87","author":"R\u00fcmmele W","year":"1961","journal-title":"Schweiz Arch Neurol Psychiatr"},{"key":"bibr89-0269881110382466","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)22189-9","volume":"246","author":"Sanders-Bush E","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"bibr90-0269881110382466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.100.419.508"},{"key":"bibr91-0269881110382466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.103.431.332"},{"key":"bibr92-0269881110382466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(95)00418-1"},{"key":"bibr93-0269881110382466","volume-title":"Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World: An Identification Guide","author":"Stamets P","year":"1996"},{"key":"bibr94-0269881110382466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-198410000-00001"},{"key":"bibr95-0269881110382466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(01)01242-2"},{"key":"bibr96-0269881110382466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300005"},{"key":"bibr97-0269881110382466","first-page":"398","volume":"38","author":"Vollenweider FX","year":"1992","journal-title":"SUCHT Wissenschaft Praxis"},{"key":"bibr98-0269881110382466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-979353"},{"key":"bibr99-0269881110382466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2001.3.4\/fxvollenweider"},{"key":"bibr100-0269881110382466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0361-9230(01)00646-3"},{"key":"bibr101-0269881110382466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1301324"},{"key":"bibr102-0269881110382466","first-page":"113","volume":"22","author":"Vollenweider FX","year":"2008","journal-title":"Fundam Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"bibr103-0269881110382466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(96)00246-1"},{"key":"bibr104-0269881110382466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199812010-00024"},{"key":"bibr105-0269881110382466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(98)00108-0"},{"key":"bibr106-0269881110382466","first-page":"1908","volume":"25","author":"von Zerssen D","year":"1971","journal-title":"Therapiewoche"},{"key":"bibr107-0269881110382466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2008.02.006"},{"key":"bibr108-0269881110382466","volume-title":"Les champignons hallucinogenes du Mexique [The hallucinogenic mushrooms of Mexico]","author":"Wasson RG","year":"1958"},{"key":"bibr109-0269881110382466","volume-title":"DIA-X-Interview","author":"Wittchen HU","year":"1997"},{"key":"bibr110-0269881110382466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881106065859"},{"key":"bibr111-0269881110382466","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00412109"}],"container-title":["Journal of Psychopharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0269881110382466","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0269881110382466","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0269881110382466","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:06:21Z","timestamp":1777507581000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0269881110382466"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,20]]},"references-count":111,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0269881110382466"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0269881110382466","relation":{},"ISSN":["0269-8811","1461-7285"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0269-8811","type":"print"},{"value":"1461-7285","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,20]]}}}