{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T00:57:33Z","timestamp":1789865853571,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,8]],"date-time":"2011-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1310083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Psychopharmacol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    A number of compounds already in use as medications for various indications substitute for ethanol at clinically relevant brain pathways, in particular, at gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors. Nevertheless, although substitute medications have been recognized for heroin and tobacco dependence, patients with alcohol dependence are rarely offered an analogous approach. Benzodiazepines may have paradoxical effects, and abuse and dependence are known. Baclofen (GABA\n                    <jats:sub>B<\/jats:sub>\n                    agonist) has not been associated with dependence or misuse and has been effective in several trials in preventing relapse, although research is required to establish the optimal dosing regimen. GABA-ergic anticonvulsants, helpful in treating withdrawal, have yet to emerge as effective in relapse prevention. Clomethiazole and sodium oxybate, the latter having been shown to be effective in relapse prevention, have incurred a reputation for dependence and abuse. However, data have emerged showing that the risk of abuse of sodium oxybate is lower than many clinicians had foreseen. For a condition where existing therapies are only effective in a proportion of patients, and which has high morbidity and mortality, the time now seems right for reappraising the use of substitute prescribing for alcohol dependence.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881111408463","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,8]],"date-time":"2011-07-08T20:56:14Z","timestamp":1310158574000},"page":"205-212","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Substitution therapy for alcoholism: time for a reappraisal?"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Chick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Sciences, Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David J","family":"Nutt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, Division of Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0269881111408463","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/jcp.0b013e31815a2542"},{"key":"bibr2-0269881111408463","volume-title":"Calling time: the nation\u2019s drinking as a major health issue","author":"Academy of Medical Sciences","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr3-0269881111408463","first-page":"67","volume":"24","author":"Addolorato G","year":"2000","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"bibr4-0269881111408463","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/37.5.504"},{"key":"bibr5-0269881111408463","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(01)01088-9"},{"key":"bibr6-0269881111408463","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.alcalc.a008160"},{"key":"bibr7-0269881111408463","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)78088-0"},{"key":"bibr8-0269881111408463","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(98)00094-5"},{"key":"bibr9-0269881111408463","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2005.08.042"},{"key":"bibr10-0269881111408463","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002826-200309000-00010"},{"key":"bibr11-0269881111408463","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61814-5"},{"key":"bibr12-0269881111408463","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agr017"},{"key":"bibr13-0269881111408463","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/33.5.465"},{"key":"bibr14-0269881111408463","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jcp.0000270079.84758.fe"},{"key":"bibr15-0269881111408463","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agh130"},{"key":"bibr16-0269881111408463","volume-title":"Benzodiazepine dependence, toxicity, and abuse: a task force report of the American Psychiatric Association","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1990"},{"key":"bibr17-0269881111408463","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/283092a0"},{"key":"bibr18-0269881111408463","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-004-1968-6"},{"key":"bibr19-0269881111408463","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agl091"},{"key":"bibr20-0269881111408463","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agq083"},{"key":"bibr21-0269881111408463","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(02)00340-X"},{"key":"bibr22-0269881111408463","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2007.04.008"},{"key":"bibr23-0269881111408463","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph6061917"},{"key":"bibr24-0269881111408463","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2009.04.012"},{"key":"bibr25-0269881111408463","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-2952(99)00265-8"},{"key":"bibr26-0269881111408463","first-page":"CD007380","volume":"2","author":"Castells X","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"bibr27-0269881111408463","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2007.01943.x"},{"key":"bibr28-0269881111408463","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.145.12.1501"},{"key":"bibr29-0269881111408463","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(82)90550-5"},{"key":"bibr30-0269881111408463","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0736-4679(99)00163-8"},{"key":"bibr31-0269881111408463","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.561997"},{"key":"bibr32-0269881111408463","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2008.00805.x"},{"key":"bibr33-0269881111408463","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(92)90748-S"},{"key":"bibr34-0269881111408463","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ALC.0000141640.48924.14"},{"key":"bibr35-0269881111408463","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1992.tb00658.x"},{"key":"bibr36-0269881111408463","first-page":"S15","volume":"36","author":"Garbutt JC","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"key":"bibr37-0269881111408463","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.157.4.491"},{"key":"bibr38-0269881111408463","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881105049041"},{"key":"bibr39-0269881111408463","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.alcalc.a008384"},{"key":"bibr40-0269881111408463","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2010.01414.x"},{"key":"bibr41-0269881111408463","unstructured":"Information Services Division. (2009) Alcohol Statistics Scotland 2009. Edinburgh, ISD. Available at: http:\/\/www.alcoholinformation.isdscotland.org\/alcohol_misuse\/files\/alcohol_stats_bul_09.pdf (accessed 16 June 2011)."},{"key":"bibr42-0269881111408463","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-002-1294-9"},{"key":"bibr43-0269881111408463","first-page":"115","volume":"29","author":"Korpi ER","year":"1994","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"key":"bibr44-0269881111408463","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/33.6.563"},{"key":"bibr45-0269881111408463","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)67924-5"},{"key":"bibr46-0269881111408463","first-page":"CD006266","volume":"2","author":"Leone MA","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"bibr47-0269881111408463","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-008-9062-2"},{"key":"bibr48-0269881111408463","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3908(99)00131-8"},{"key":"bibr49-0269881111408463","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/026988110401800321"},{"key":"bibr50-0269881111408463","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-002-0038-1"},{"key":"bibr51-0269881111408463","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2009.02792.x"},{"key":"bibr52-0269881111408463","first-page":"CD005064","volume":"3","author":"Minozzi S","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"bibr53-0269881111408463","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/105504901750532111"},{"key":"bibr54-0269881111408463","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2009.00986.x"},{"key":"bibr55-0269881111408463","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2005.10399814"},{"key":"bibr56-0269881111408463","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.alc.0000175016.01790.f1"},{"key":"bibr57-0269881111408463","unstructured":"NICE (2011) Alcohol use disorders: diagnosis, assessment and management of harmful drinking and alcohol dependence. Retrieved from: http:\/\/guidance.nice.org.uk\/CG115 (accessed 16 June 2010)."},{"key":"bibr58-0269881111408463","unstructured":"NHS (2010) Statistics on Alcohol, England 2010 Retrieved from: http:\/\/www.ic.nhs.uk\/pubs\/alcohol10 (accessed 16 June 2010)."},{"key":"bibr59-0269881111408463","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.175.2.114"},{"key":"bibr60-0269881111408463","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.179.5.390"},{"key":"bibr61-0269881111408463","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00008877-200411000-00006"},{"key":"bibr62-0269881111408463","volume-title":"Benzodiazepines: risks, benefits or dependence: a re-evaluation. The Royal College of Psychiatrists Council Report CR59","author":"Royal College of Psychiatrists","year":"1997"},{"key":"bibr63-0269881111408463","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agq086"},{"key":"bibr64-0269881111408463","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra044047"},{"key":"bibr65-0269881111408463","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.alcalc.a008107"},{"key":"bibr66-0269881111408463","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0b013e3181fb7b97"},{"key":"bibr67-0269881111408463","unstructured":"The Health and Social Care Information Centre. Statistics on Alcohol i England, 2010, http:\/\/www.ic.nhs.uk\/webfiles\/publications\/alcohol10\/Statistics_on_Alcohol_England_2010.pdf (accessed 16 June 2011)."},{"key":"bibr68-0269881111408463","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1054-3589(10)58014-1"},{"key":"bibr69-0269881111408463","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2008.11.001"},{"key":"bibr70-0269881111408463","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1992.01820110040006"},{"key":"bibr71-0269881111408463","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1481803500010034"},{"key":"bibr72-0269881111408463","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00139709-200423010-00002"},{"key":"bibr73-0269881111408463","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agl076"},{"key":"bibr74-0269881111408463","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.108.3.518"},{"key":"bibr75-0269881111408463","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1999.tb04041.x"}],"container-title":["Journal of Psychopharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0269881111408463","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0269881111408463","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0269881111408463","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:06:58Z","timestamp":1777507618000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0269881111408463"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,8]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0269881111408463"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0269881111408463","relation":{},"ISSN":["0269-8811","1461-7285"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0269-8811","type":"print"},{"value":"1461-7285","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,8]]}}}