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A growing body of evidence suggests these serotonergic pathways arise from topographically organized subpopulations of serotonergic neurons located in the dorsal and median raphe nuclei. We argue that serotonergic neurons in the dorsal\/caudal parts of the dorsal raphe nucleus project to forebrain limbic regions involved in stress\/conflict anxiety-related processes, which may be relevant for anxiety and affective disorders. Serotonergic neurons in the \u201clateral wings\u201d of the dorsal raphe nucleus provide inhibitory control over structures controlling fight-or-flight responses. Dysfunction of this pathway could be relevant for panic disorder. Finally, serotonergic neurons in the median raphe nucleus, and the developmentally and functionally-related interfascicular part of the dorsal raphe nucleus, give rise to forebrain limbic projections that are involved in tolerance and coping with aversive stimuli, which could be important for affective disorders like depression. Elucidating the mechanisms through which stress activates these topographically and functionally distinct serotonergic pathways, and how dysfunction of these pathways leads to symptoms of neuropsychiatric disorders, may lead to the development of novel approaches to both the prevention and treatment of anxiety and affective disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881113490328","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,24]],"date-time":"2013-05-24T01:09:16Z","timestamp":1369357756000},"page":"1090-1106","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":131,"title":["Functional topography of serotonergic systems supports the Deakin\/Graeff hypothesis of anxiety and affective disorders"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Evan D","family":"Paul","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, 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