{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T23:07:28Z","timestamp":1779145648826,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,4]],"date-time":"2014-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1393891200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Psychopharmacol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The aim of this study was to examine whether there was an association between tardive dyskinesia (TD) and number of functional\n                      <jats:italic>CYP2D6<\/jats:italic>\n                      genes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A Caucasian sample of 70 patients was recruited in 1996\u20131997 from South London and Maudsley National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, UK. Subjects had a DSM-IIIR diagnosis of schizophrenia and were treated with typical antipsychotics at doses equivalent to at least 100 mg chlorpromazine daily for at least 12 months prior to assessment. All patients were genotyped for\n                      <jats:italic>CYP2D6<\/jats:italic>\n                      alleles\n                      <jats:italic>*3\u20135, *41<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and for amplifications of the gene.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      There were 13 patients with TD. The mean (standard deviation (SD)) years of duration of antipsychotic treatment in TD-positive was 15.8 (7.9) vs TD-negative 11.1 (7.4) (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      =0.04). Increased odds of experiencing TD were associated with increased ability to metabolize\n                      <jats:italic>CYP2D6<\/jats:italic>\n                      , as measured by genotypic category (odds ratio (OR)=4.2), increasing duration in treatment (OR=1.0), and having drug-induced Parkinsonism (OR=9.7).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We found a significant association between\n                      <jats:italic>CYP2D6<\/jats:italic>\n                      genotypic category and TD with the direction of effect being an increase in the number of functional\n                      <jats:italic>CYP2D6<\/jats:italic>\n                      genes being associated with an increased risk of TD. This is the first study to examine the association between TD and\n                      <jats:italic>CYP2D6<\/jats:italic>\n                      in Caucasians with this number of genotypic categories. In the future, metabolomics may be utilized in the discovery of biomarkers and novel drug targets.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881114523861","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,4]],"date-time":"2014-03-04T21:20:22Z","timestamp":1393968022000},"page":"665-670","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Association of tardive dyskinesia with variation in\n                    <i>CYP2D6<\/i>\n                    : Is there a role for active metabolites?"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Maju M","family":"Koola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Program, Sheppard Pratt Health System, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Evangelia M","family":"Tsapakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King\u2019s College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Padraig","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Takeda Development Centre, Europe, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shubulade","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Science, King\u2019s College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert W","family":"Kerwin (RIP)","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Neuropharmacology Section, King\u2019s College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katie L","family":"Nugent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katherine J","family":"Aitchison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King\u2019s College London, London, UK"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881109105789"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00008571-200011000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2125.1999.00006.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (1987) DSM-III-R: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 3rd Edition\u2013Revised. 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