{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T22:49:10Z","timestamp":1792882150565,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,4]],"date-time":"2016-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1462320000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Psychopharmacol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>High impulsivity and attentional bias are common in cocaine-dependent patients and predict poor treatment outcomes. The pharmacological agent modafinil is studied for its cognitive-enhancing capacities and may therefore improve clinical outcomes in crack-cocaine dependent patients. In this study, we investigated first whether pre-treatment impulsivity and attentional bias predict treatment outcome; next whether the drug modafinil given as an add-on treatment to cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) improves impulsivity and attentional bias; and last, whether changes in impulsivity and attentional bias are related to improvements in treatment outcome.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Crack-cocaine dependent outpatients ( n = 65) were randomised to 12 weeks CBT plus modafinil (400 mg\/day) or only CBT. Self-reported impulsivity was assessed at baseline using the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale. At baseline and Week 12, we assessed inhibitory control as a behavioural measure of impulsivity, in terms of cognitive interference (Stroop task) and response inhibition (\u2018stop-signal task\u2019), and attentional bias with the addiction Stroop task. Clinical outcomes were CBT-retention and crack-cocaine use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>At baseline, self-reported impulsivity predicted better CBT-retention; low self-reported and behavioural impulsivity and attentional bias predicted less crack-cocaine use. Changes in cognitive performance were not modafinil-related, but most likely due to low adherence. Improvements in impulsivity or attentional bias were not associated with CBT-retention nor changes in crack-cocaine use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Baseline impulsivity and attentional bias predicted clinical outcomes in crack-cocaine dependent patients. There were no firm indications that modafinil reduced impulsivity nor attentional bias in this population. Future studies involving cognitive-enhancing medications should include strategies to optimise adherence, to be better able to evaluate their potential.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881116645268","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,4]],"date-time":"2016-05-04T23:03:39Z","timestamp":1462403019000},"page":"616-626","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Impulsivity and attentional bias as predictors of modafinil treatment outcome for retention and drug use in crack-cocaine dependent patients: Results of a randomised controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Mascha","family":"Nuijten","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Parnassia Addiction Research Centre (PARC), Brijder Addiction Treatment, The Hague, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Blanken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parnassia Addiction Research Centre (PARC), Brijder Addiction Treatment, The Hague, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wim","family":"Van den Brink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna E","family":"Goudriaan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"},{"name":"Arkin Mental Health Care, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent M","family":"Hendriks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parnassia Addiction Research Centre (PARC), Brijder Addiction Treatment, The Hague, the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0269881116645268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2005.08.003"},{"key":"bibr2-0269881116645268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2009.07.001"},{"key":"bibr3-0269881116645268","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","author":"American Psychiatric 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