{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T03:18:53Z","timestamp":1790738333432,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,10]],"date-time":"2016-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1468108800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Psychopharmacol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Positive self-bias is thought to be protective for mental health. We previously found that the degree of positive bias when learning self-referential social evaluation decreases with increasing social anxiety. It is unclear whether this reduction is driven by differences in state or trait anxiety, as both are elevated in social anxiety; therefore, we examined the effects on the state of anxiety induced by the 7.5% carbon dioxide (CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) inhalation model of generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) on social evaluation learning.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      For our study, 48 (24 of female gender) healthy volunteers took two inhalations (medical air and 7.5% CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      , counterbalanced) whilst learning social rules (self-like, self-dislike, other-like and other-dislike) in an instrumental social evaluation learning task. We analysed the outcomes (number of positive responses and errors to criterion) using the random effects Poisson regression.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Participants made fewer and more positive responses when breathing 7.5% CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      in the other-like and other-dislike rules, respectively (gas \u00d7 condition \u00d7 rule interaction p = 0.03). Individuals made fewer errors learning self-like than self-dislike, and this positive self-bias was unaffected by CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      . Breathing 7.5% CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      increased errors, but only in the other-referential rules (gas \u00d7 condition \u00d7 rule interaction p = 0.003).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Positive self-bias (i.e. fewer errors learning self-like than self-dislike) seemed robust to changes in state anxiety. In contrast, learning other-referential evaluation was impaired as state anxiety increased. This suggested that the previously observed variations in self-bias arise due to trait, rather than state, characteristics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881116653105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,5]],"date-time":"2016-07-05T20:50:05Z","timestamp":1467751805000},"page":"1036-1046","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Acute anxiety and social inference: An experimental manipulation with 7.5% carbon dioxide inhalation"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Katherine S","family":"Button","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Calverton Down, Bath, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucy","family":"Karwatowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daphne","family":"Kounali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcus R","family":"Munaf\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"},{"name":"Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Medical Research Council, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela S","family":"Attwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"},{"name":"Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Medical Research Council, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0269881116653105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.113.1.136"},{"key":"bibr2-0269881116653105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(98)00060-6"},{"key":"bibr3-0269881116653105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0025907"},{"key":"bibr4-0269881116653105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881114529378"},{"key":"bibr5-0269881116653105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797612474021"},{"key":"bibr6-0269881116653105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20048"},{"key":"bibr7-0269881116653105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881106063889"},{"key":"bibr8-0269881116653105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(05)81146-0"},{"key":"bibr9-0269881116653105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2012.05.004"},{"key":"bibr10-0269881116653105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0119456"},{"key":"bibr11-0269881116653105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1121218"},{"key":"bibr12-0269881116653105","first-page":"69","volume-title":"Social phobia : Diagnosis, Assessment and Treatment","author":"Clark DM","year":"1995"},{"key":"bibr13-0269881116653105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699931.2012.704352"},{"key":"bibr14-0269881116653105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(01)00022-5"},{"key":"bibr15-0269881116653105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2009.02.001"},{"key":"bibr16-0269881116653105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3323"},{"key":"bibr17-0269881116653105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2011.15"},{"key":"bibr18-0269881116653105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-012-2690-4"},{"key":"bibr19-0269881116653105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2004.12.007"},{"key":"bibr20-0269881116653105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(97)80006-X"},{"key":"bibr21-0269881116653105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.109.4.705"},{"key":"bibr22-0269881116653105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17588928.2015.1044427"},{"key":"bibr23-0269881116653105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000119004"},{"key":"bibr24-0269881116653105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3016-12.2012"},{"key":"bibr25-0269881116653105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291713001074"},{"key":"bibr26-0269881116653105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167283093007"},{"key":"bibr27-0269881116653105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/neuro.08.005.2008"},{"key":"bibr28-0269881116653105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/da.21891"},{"key":"bibr29-0269881116653105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(97)10031-6"},{"key":"bibr30-0269881116653105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797612474323"},{"key":"bibr31-0269881116653105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2012.05.004"},{"key":"bibr32-0269881116653105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2012.01.008"},{"key":"bibr33-0269881116653105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2011.02.015"},{"key":"bibr34-0269881116653105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881114532858"},{"key":"bibr35-0269881116653105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(97)00022-3"},{"key":"bibr36-0269881116653105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2008.02.004"},{"key":"bibr37-0269881116653105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2011.10.030"},{"key":"bibr38-0269881116653105","first-page":"S22","volume":"59","author":"Sheehan DV","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"bibr39-0269881116653105","volume-title":"Manual for the State\/Trait Anxiety Inventory (Form Y) : (self-evaluation questionnaire)","author":"Spielberger CD","year":"1983"},{"key":"bibr40-0269881116653105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327957pspr0803_1"},{"key":"bibr41-0269881116653105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1221862110"},{"key":"bibr42-0269881116653105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.103.2.193"},{"key":"bibr43-0269881116653105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.49.11.972"},{"key":"bibr44-0269881116653105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.116.1.21"},{"key":"bibr45-0269881116653105","volume-title":"Regression Methods in Biostatistics : Linear, Logistic, Survival and Repeated Measures Models","author":"Vittinghoff E","year":"2005"},{"key":"bibr46-0269881116653105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.10.029"}],"container-title":["Journal of Psychopharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0269881116653105","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0269881116653105","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0269881116653105","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:06:47Z","timestamp":1777507607000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0269881116653105"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,10]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0269881116653105"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0269881116653105","relation":{},"ISSN":["0269-8811","1461-7285"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0269-8811","type":"print"},{"value":"1461-7285","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,10]]}}}