{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T07:17:35Z","timestamp":1791357455357,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,20]],"date-time":"2017-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1497916800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Psychopharmacol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Buprenorphine\/naloxone, methadone and lofexidine are medications with utility in the treatment of opiate withdrawal. We report the first randomised controlled trial to compare the effects of these two medications on withdrawal symptoms and outcome during opiate induction\/stabilisation and detoxification. A double-blind randomised controlled trial was conducted in an outpatient satellite clinic of a specialist drug service. Eighty opiate dependent individuals meeting DSM-IV criteria for opiate dependence, using \u2a7d \u00bd g heroin smoked\/chased or \u00bc g heroin injected or \u2a7d 30mg methadone, with \u2a7d 3 years of opioid dependency, underwent a short-term opiate treatment programme involving induction\/stabilisation on methadone 30mg or buprenorphine\/naloxone 4mg\/1mg, followed by detoxification (where the methadone group was assisted by lofexidine). The main outcome measures were urine drug screens for opiates and withdrawal and craving questionnaires. There were no overall differences in positive urine drug screens and drop-outs during any phase of the study. During induction\/stabilisation, withdrawal symptoms subsided more slowly for buprenorphine\/naloxone than for methadone, and craving was significantly higher in the buprenorphine\/naloxone group ( p&lt;0.05, 95% confidence interval \u22123.5, \u22120.38). During detoxification, withdrawal symptoms were significantly greater and the peak of withdrawal was earlier for the methadone\/lofexidine group than the buprenorphine\/naloxone group ( p&lt;0.01, 95% confidence interval 3.0, 8.3). Methadone\/lofexidine and buprenorphine\/naloxone had comparable outcomes during rapid outpatient stabilisation and detoxification in low dose opiate users.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881117711710","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,20]],"date-time":"2017-06-20T06:57:36Z","timestamp":1497941856000},"page":"1046-1055","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Buprenorphine\/naloxone versus methadone and lofexidine in community stabilisation and detoxification: A randomised controlled trial of low dose short-term opiate-dependent individuals"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Fergus D","family":"Law","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Avon & Wiltshire Specialist Drug & Alcohol Services, Chippenham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison M","family":"Diaper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychopharmacology Unit, Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan K","family":"Melichar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychopharmacology Unit, Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Coulton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Health Services Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, Cornwallis North East, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David J","family":"Nutt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, Imperial College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judy S","family":"Myles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St George\u2019s Hospital Medical School, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0269881117711710","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000018962"},{"key":"bibr2-0269881117711710","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","author":"APA","year":"1994","edition":"4"},{"key":"bibr3-0269881117711710","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(96)01289-6"},{"key":"bibr4-0269881117711710","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1064-1297.3.4.477"},{"key":"bibr5-0269881117711710","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130051096"},{"key":"bibr6-0269881117711710","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.65.5.803"},{"key":"bibr7-0269881117711710","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)20047-7","volume":"247","author":"Bickel WK","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Pharm Exp Ther"},{"key":"bibr8-0269881117711710","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.1988.13"},{"key":"bibr9-0269881117711710","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1987.tb03294.x"},{"key":"bibr10-0269881117711710","unstructured":"CADTH (2016) Buprenorphine\/Naloxone Versus Methadone for the Treatment of Opioid Dependence: A Review of Comparative Clinical Effectiveness, Cost-Effectiveness and Guidelines. 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