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Relevantly, enduring improvements in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms have been found in response to 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted psychotherapy. There is evidence that lasting changes in the personality feature of \u201copenness\u201d occur in response to hallucinogens, and that this may potentially act as a therapeutic mechanism of change. The present study investigated whether heightened Openness and decreased Neuroticism served as a mechanism of change within a randomized trial of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for chronic, treatment-resistant PTSD. The Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) Global Scores and NEO PI-R Personality Inventory (NEO) Openness and Neuroticism Scales served as outcome measures. Results indicated that changes in Openness but not Neuroticism played a moderating role in the relationship between reduced PTSD symptoms and MDMA treatment. Following MDMA-assisted psychotherapy, increased Openness and decreased Neuroticism when comparing baseline personality traits with long-term follow-up traits also were found. These preliminary findings suggest that the effect of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy extends beyond specific PTSD symptomatology and fundamentally alters personality structure, resulting in long-term persisting personality change. Results are discussed in terms of possible mechanisms of psychotherapeutic change.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881117711712","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,21]],"date-time":"2017-06-21T05:14:58Z","timestamp":1498022098000},"page":"967-974","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":108,"title":["Therapeutic effect of increased openness: Investigating mechanism of action in MDMA-assisted psychotherapy"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Mark T","family":"Wagner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael C","family":"Mithoefer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Private Practice, Mount Pleasant, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann T","family":"Mithoefer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Private Practice, Mount Pleasant, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca K","family":"MacAulay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Maine, Orono, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Jerome","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MAPS Public Benefit Corp (MPBC), Santa Cruz, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Berra","family":"Yazar-Klosinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies, Santa Cruz, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rick","family":"Doblin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies, Santa Cruz, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0269881117711712","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2000","edition":"4"},{"key":"bibr2-0269881117711712","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2010.08.003"},{"key":"bibr3-0269881117711712","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-009-1635-z"},{"key":"bibr4-0269881117711712","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-440X(99)90147-5"},{"key":"bibr5-0269881117711712","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.04.006"},{"key":"bibr6-0269881117711712","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.1993.tb01030.x"},{"key":"bibr7-0269881117711712","first-page":"187","volume":"13","author":"Blake DD","year":"1990","journal-title":"Behavior Therapy"},{"key":"bibr8-0269881117711712","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-200008000-00010"},{"key":"bibr9-0269881117711712","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-011-2527-6"},{"key":"bibr10-0269881117711712","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145713001405"},{"key":"bibr11-0269881117711712","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.1624"},{"key":"bibr12-0269881117711712","volume-title":"NEO PI-R Professional Manual","author":"Costa PT","year":"1992"},{"key":"bibr13-0269881117711712","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781849200479.n9"},{"key":"bibr14-0269881117711712","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2005.06.010"},{"key":"bibr15-0269881117711712","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2010.128"},{"key":"bibr16-0269881117711712","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17470910802649470"},{"key":"bibr17-0269881117711712","volume-title":"Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Personality Disorders (SCID-II): Interview and Questionnaire","author":"First M","year":"1997"},{"key":"bibr18-0269881117711712","volume-title":"Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders - 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