{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T15:37:30Z","timestamp":1780501050156,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,27]],"date-time":"2018-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1519689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Psychopharmacol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    An index of fatal toxicity for new psychoactive substances has been developed based solely on information provided on death certificates. An updated index of fatal toxicity (T\n                    <jats:sub>f<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), as first described in 2010, was calculated based on the ratio of deaths to prevalence and seizures for the original five substances (amphetamine, cannabis, cocaine\/crack, heroin and 3,4-methylenedioxymethylamphetamine)\n                    <jats:sup>*<\/jats:sup>\n                    . These correlated well with the 2010 index. Deaths were then examined for cases both where the substance was and was not found in association with other substances. This ratio (sole to all mentions; S\/A) was then calculated for deaths in the period 1993 to 2016. This new measure of fatal toxicity, expressed by S\/A, was well-correlated with the index L\n                    <jats:sub>n<\/jats:sub>\n                    (T\n                    <jats:sub>f<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) of the original reference compounds. The calculation of S\/A was then extended to a group of new psychoactive substances where insufficient prevalence or seizure data were available to directly determine a value of T\n                    <jats:sub>f<\/jats:sub>\n                    by interpolation of a graph of T\n                    <jats:sub>f<\/jats:sub>\n                    versus S\/A. Benzodiazepine analogues had particularly low values of S\/A and hence T\n                    <jats:sub>f<\/jats:sub>\n                    . By contrast, \u03b3-hydroxybutyrate\/\u03b3-butyrolactone, \u03b1-methyltryptamine, synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists and benzofurans had a higher fatal toxicity.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881118754709","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,27]],"date-time":"2018-02-27T04:55:22Z","timestamp":1519707322000},"page":"793-801","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["An index of fatal toxicity for new psychoactive substances"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Leslie A","family":"King","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"(Retired), Basingstoke, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John M","family":"Corkery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse & Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology & Post-graduate Medicine, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0269881118754709","unstructured":"Broadfield D (ed.) (2017) Statistical Bulletin 07\/17: Drug Misuse: Findings from the 2016\/17 Crime Survey for England and Wales. London: Home Office. Available at: https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/633349\/drug-misuse-2017-hosb1117.pdf; https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/633263\/drug-misuse-1617-tables.xlsx (accessed 15 December 2017)."},{"key":"bibr2-0269881118754709","unstructured":"EMCDDA (2017) European Drug Report 2016: Trends and Developments. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. Available at: http:\/\/www.emcdda.europa.eu\/system\/files\/publications\/4541\/TDAT17001ENN.pdf_en (accessed 15 December 2017)."},{"key":"bibr3-0269881118754709","unstructured":"Ghodse H, Corkery J, Oyefeso A, et al. (2007) A closer look \u2013 nature, extent and patterns of cannabis-related mortality. In: Drug-related Deaths in the UK: Annual Report 2007. National Programme on Substance Abuse Deaths. London: International Centre for Drug Policy, St George\u2019s University of London, pp.27\u201329. Available at: https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/NpSADAnnualReport2007 (accessed 15 December 2017)."},{"key":"bibr4-0269881118754709","unstructured":"Hargreaves J, Smith K (eds) (2016a) Home Office Statistical Bulletin 13\/16: Seizures of Drugs in England and Wales, Year Ending 31 March 2016. London: Home Office. Available at: https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/564412\/seizures-drugs-hosb1316.pdf (accessed 15 December 2017)."},{"key":"bibr5-0269881118754709","unstructured":"Hargreaves J, Smith K (eds) (2016b) Home Office Statistical Bulletin 13\/16: Seizures of Drugs in England and Wales, Year Ending 31 March 2016: Data Tables. London: Home Office. Available at: https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/564380\/seizures-drugs-hosb1316-tables.ods (accessed 15 December 2017)."},{"key":"bibr6-0269881118754709","unstructured":"Home Office (2012) Statistical Bulletin: Drug Misuse Declared: Findings from the 2011 to 2012 Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW). 2nd ed. London: Home Office. Available at: https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/147938\/drugs-misuse-dec-1112-pdf.pdf (accessed 15 December 2017)."},{"key":"bibr7-0269881118754709","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.1090"},{"key":"bibr8-0269881118754709","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(81)91709-8"},{"key":"bibr9-0269881118754709","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002580248302300307"},{"key":"bibr10-0269881118754709","unstructured":"NISRA (2016) Drug-related Deaths and Deaths Due to Drug Misuse Registered in Northern Ireland (2005-2015). Belfast: Northern Ireland Statistics & Research Agency. Available at: https:\/\/www.nisra.gov.uk\/sites\/nisra.gov.uk\/files\/publications\/Drug_Tables_15.xls (accessed 15 December 2017)."},{"key":"bibr11-0269881118754709","unstructured":"NRS (2017) Drug-related Deaths in Scotland in 2016. Edinburgh: National Records of Scotland. Available at: https:\/\/www.nrscotland.gov.uk\/statistics-and-data\/statistics\/statistics-by-theme\/vital-events\/deaths\/drug-related-deaths-in-scotland\/2016; https:\/\/www.nrscotland.gov.uk\/statistics-and-data\/statistics\/statistics-by-theme\/vital-events\/deaths\/drug-related-deaths-in-scotland\/2016\/list-of-tables-and-figures (accessed 15 December 2017)."},{"key":"bibr12-0269881118754709","unstructured":"ONS (2015) Drug-Related Deaths Registered in England and Wales in 2014. Ad Hoc Data Request No 005096, Released 10 December 2015. Newport, Gwent: Office for National Statistics. Available at: https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/peoplepopulationandcommunity\/birthsdeathsandmarriages\/deaths\/adhocs\/005096drugrelateddeathsregisteredinenglandandwalesin2014 Drug-related deaths registered in England and Wales in 2014 (accessed 15 December 2017)."},{"key":"bibr13-0269881118754709","unstructured":"ONS (2016a) Drug Related Deaths Involving New Psychoactive Substances, England and Wales, 2015 Registrations. Ad Hoc Data Request No 006158, Released 29 September 2016. Newport, UK: Office for National Statistics. Available at: https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/peoplepopulationandcommunity\/healthandsocialcare\/drugusealcoholandsmoking\/adhocs\/006158drugrelateddeathsinvolvingnewpsychoactivesubstancesenglandandwales2015registrations Drug related deaths involving new psychoactive substances, England and Wales, 2015 registrations (accessed 15 December 2017)."},{"key":"bibr14-0269881118754709","unstructured":"ONS (2016b) Number of Drug-related Deaths Where a New Psychoactive Substance was the Only Drug Mentioned on the Death Certificate, England and Wales, Deaths Registered in 1993 to 2015. Ad Hoc Data Request No 006187, Released 4 October 2016. Newport, UK: Office for National Statistics. Available at: https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/peoplepopulationandcommunity\/healthandsocialcare\/causesofdeath\/adhocs\/006187numberofdrugrelateddeathswhereanewpsychoactivesubstancewastheonlydrugmentionedonthedeathcertificateenglandandwalesdeathsregisteredin1993to2015 Number of drug-related deaths where a new psychoactive substance was the only drug mentioned on the death certificate, England and Wales, deaths registered in 1993 to 2015 (accessed 15 December 2017)."},{"key":"bibr15-0269881118754709","unstructured":"ONS (2016c) Drug-related Deaths Mentioning a New Psychoactive Substance, England and Wales, 2011 to 2015 Registrations. Ad Hoc Data Request No 006413, Released 30 November 2016. Newport, UK: Office for National Statistics. Available at: https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/peoplepopulationandcommunity\/birthsdeathsandmarriages\/deaths\/adhocs\/006413drugrelateddeathsmentioninganewpsychoactivesubstanceenglandandwales2011to2015registrations Drug-related deaths mentioning a new psychoactive substance, England and Wales, 2011 to 2015 registrations (accessed 15 December 2017)."},{"key":"bibr16-0269881118754709","unstructured":"ONS (2017a) Deaths Related to Drug Poisoning in England and Wales: 2016 Registrations, 2 August. Newport, UK: Office for National Statistics. Available at: https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/peoplepopulationandcommunity\/birthsdeathsandmarriages\/deaths\/bulletins\/deathsrelatedtodrugpoisoninginenglandandwales\/2016registrations\/pdf; https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/file?uri=\/peoplepopulationandcommunity\/birthsdeathsandmarriages\/deaths\/datasets\/deathsrelatedtodrugpoisoningenglandandwalesreferencetable\/current\/deathsrelatedtodrugpoisoningenglandandwales.xls (accessed 15 December 2017)."},{"key":"bibr17-0269881118754709","unstructured":"ONS (2017b) Drug-related Deaths Mentioning a New Psychoactive Substance, England and Wales, 2011 to 2015 Registrations. Ad Hoc Data Request No 007307, Released 4 August 2017. Newport, UK: Office for National Statistics. Available at: https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/peoplepopulationandcommunity\/birthsdeathsandmarriages\/deaths\/adhocs\/007307deathsrelatedtodrugpoisoninginvolvingspecificsubstancesenglandandwalesdeathsregisteredin2016; https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/file?uri=\/peoplepopulationandcommunity\/birthsdeathsandmarriages\/deaths\/adhocs\/007307deathsrelatedtodrugpoisoninginvolvingspecificsubstancesenglandandwalesdeathsregisteredin2016\/2016drugrelateddeathsbyspecificsubstances.xls (accessed 15 December 2017)."},{"key":"bibr18-0269881118754709","unstructured":"Smith K (2008a) Home Office Statistical Bulletin 12\/08: Seizures of Drugs in England and Wales, 2006\/07. 2nd ed. London: Home Office Research, Development and Statistics Directorate. Available at: http:\/\/webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk\/20110220110346\/http:\/\/rds.homeoffice.gov.uk\/rds\/pdfs08\/hosb1208.pdf (accessed 15 December 2017)."},{"key":"bibr19-0269881118754709","unstructured":"Smith K (2008b) Seizures of Drugs in England and Wales, 2006\/07 Summary Tables. 2nd ed. London: Home Office Research, Development and Statistics Directorate. Available at: http:\/\/webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk\/20110218135832\/rds.homeoffice.gov.uk\/rds\/pdfs08\/hosb1208summ.xls (accessed 15 December 2017)."}],"container-title":["Journal of Psychopharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0269881118754709","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0269881118754709","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0269881118754709","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:07:44Z","timestamp":1777507664000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0269881118754709"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,27]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0269881118754709"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0269881118754709","relation":{},"ISSN":["0269-8811","1461-7285"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0269-8811","type":"print"},{"value":"1461-7285","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,27]]}}}