{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T21:19:09Z","timestamp":1793395149187,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,30]],"date-time":"2018-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1525046400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AA007747"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AA007747"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DA07209"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DA07209"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Psychopharmacol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background\/aim:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>5-Methoxy- N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) is a psychoactive compound found in several plants and in high concentrations in Bufo alvarius toad venom. Synthetic, toad, and plant-sourced 5-MeO-DMT are used for spiritual and recreational purposes and may have psychotherapeutic effects. However, the use of 5-MeO-DMT is not well understood. Therefore, we examined patterns of use, motivations for consumption, subjective effects, and potential benefits and consequences associated with 5-MeO-DMT use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Using internet-based advertisements, 515 respondents ( M\n                      <jats:sub>age<\/jats:sub>\n                      =35.4. SD=11.7; male=79%; White\/Caucasian=86%; United States resident=42%) completed a web-based survey.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Most respondents consumed 5-MeO-DMT infrequently (&lt;once\/year), for spiritual exploration, and had used less than four times in their lifetime. The majority (average of 90%) reported moderate-to-strong mystical-type experiences ( M\n                      <jats:sub>intensity<\/jats:sub>\n                      =3.64, SD=1.11; range 0\u20135; e.g., ineffability, timelessness, awe\/amazement, experience of pure being\/awareness), and relatively fewer (average of 37%) experienced very slight challenging experiences ( M\n                      <jats:sub>intensity<\/jats:sub>\n                      =0.95, SD=0.91; range 0\u20135; e.g., anxiousness, fear). Less than half (39%) reported repeated consumption during the same session, and very few reported drug craving\/desire (8%), or legal (1%), medical (1%), or psychiatric (1%) problems related to use. Furthermore, of those who reported being diagnosed with psychiatric disorders, the majority reported improvements in symptoms following 5-MeO-DMT use, including improvements related to post-traumatic stress disorder (79%), depression (77%), anxiety (69%), and alcoholism (66%) or drug use disorder (60%).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Findings suggest that 5-MeO-DMT is used infrequently, predominantly for spiritual exploration, has low potential for addiction, and might have psychotherapeutic effects. Future research should examine the safety and pharmacokinetics of 5-MeO-DMT administration in humans using rigorous experimental designs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881118769063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,30]],"date-time":"2018-04-30T05:39:28Z","timestamp":1525066768000},"page":"779-792","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":137,"title":["The epidemiology of 5-methoxy-\n                    <i>N, N<\/i>\n                    -dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) use: Benefits, consequences, patterns of use, subjective effects, and reasons for consumption"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Alan K","family":"Davis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph P","family":"Barsuglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Crossroads Treatment Center, Rosarito, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7789-3463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael","family":"Lancelotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Counseling, Leadership, Advocacy, and Design, University of Wyoming, Laramie, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert M","family":"Grant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elise","family":"Renn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Crossroads Treatment Center, Rosarito, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0269881118769063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3891\/acta.chem.scand.23-0903"},{"key":"bibr2-0269881118769063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2016.1229875"},{"key":"bibr3-0269881118769063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881116678781"},{"key":"bibr4-0269881118769063","volume-title":"Characterization of mystical experiences occasioned by 5-MeO-DMT-containing toad bufotoxin and comparison with prior psilocybin studies","author":"Barsuglia J","year":"2017"},{"key":"bibr5-0269881118769063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000167"},{"key":"bibr6-0269881118769063","first-page":"79296","volume":"75","author":"Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), Department of Justice","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fed Regist"},{"key":"bibr7-0269881118769063","unstructured":"Erowid 5-MeO-DMT Vault: Timeline (n.d.). Available at: https:\/\/erowid.org\/chemicals\/5meo_dmt\/5meo_dmt_timeline.php (accessed 9 December 2017)."},{"key":"bibr8-0269881118769063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2005.12.015"},{"key":"bibr9-0269881118769063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1874473708666150107121331"},{"key":"bibr10-0269881118769063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-006-0457-5"},{"key":"bibr11-0269881118769063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1246\/bcsj.11.221"},{"key":"bibr12-0269881118769063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharep.2016.01.008"},{"key":"bibr13-0269881118769063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0542-y"},{"key":"bibr14-0269881118769063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-016-0375-5"},{"key":"bibr15-0269881118769063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0038087"},{"key":"bibr16-0269881118769063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0063972"},{"key":"bibr17-0269881118769063","unstructured":"Lancelotta R (2017) Characterization of mystical experiences occasioned by 5-MeO-DMT-containing toad bufotoxin and comparison with prior psilocybin studies. Oral. Eisner\u2019s Entrance Hall, University of Greenwich, London. Available at: https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=xtOiBiAL-K8 (accessed 21 March 2018)."},{"key":"bibr18-0269881118769063","unstructured":"Legislation.gov.uk (1971) Misuse of Drugs Act 1971. Text. Available at: http:\/\/www.legislation.gov.uk\/ukpga\/1971\/38\/contents (accessed 9 December 2017)."},{"key":"bibr19-0269881118769063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.1996.10472488"},{"key":"bibr20-0269881118769063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-5906.2012.01685.x"},{"key":"bibr21-0269881118769063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.2625."},{"key":"bibr22-0269881118769063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3908(90)90001-8"},{"key":"bibr23-0269881118769063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2006.11.075"},{"key":"bibr24-0269881118769063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2001.10399925"},{"key":"bibr25-0269881118769063","volume-title":"Shamanic Snuffs or Entheogenic Errhines","author":"Ott J","year":"2001"},{"key":"bibr26-0269881118769063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jo01091a032"},{"key":"bibr27-0269881118769063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.08.028"},{"key":"bibr28-0269881118769063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.316.7139.1236"},{"key":"bibr29-0269881118769063","unstructured":"Psychedelic Times (2016) Exploring the sacred power of 5-MeO-DMT and the psychedelic toad: Podcast with Dr. Gerardo Sandoval. Available at: https:\/\/psychedelictimes.com\/podcasts\/exploring-the-sacred-power-of-5-meo-dmt-podcast-with-dr-gerardo-sandoval\/ (accessed 9 December 2017)."},{"key":"bibr30-0269881118769063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-3057(01)00720-1"},{"key":"bibr31-0269881118769063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0026201"},{"key":"bibr32-0269881118769063","unstructured":"Reddit (2011). r\/Drugs AMA series: 5-MeO-DMT \u2022 r\/Drugs. Available at: https:\/\/www.reddit.com\/r\/Drugs\/comments\/jjmcp\/rdrugs_ama_series_5meodmt\/ (2011, accessed 9 December 2017)."},{"key":"bibr33-0269881118769063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(24)36476-6","volume":"280","author":"Roth BL","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"bibr34-0269881118769063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00441948"},{"key":"bibr35-0269881118769063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/138920010794233495"},{"key":"bibr36-0269881118769063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.111.039107"},{"key":"bibr37-0269881118769063","volume-title":"TiHKAL the Continuation","author":"Shulgin A","year":"1997"},{"key":"bibr38-0269881118769063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/29.8.838"},{"key":"bibr39-0269881118769063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00179927"},{"key":"bibr40-0269881118769063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0106533"},{"key":"bibr41-0269881118769063","unstructured":"Thoricatha W (2015) At the crossroads of ibogaine and DMT: An interview with Dr. Martin Polanco. Available at: https:\/\/psychedelictimes.com\/iboga\/at-the-crossroads-of-ibogaine-and-5-meo-dmt-interview-with-dr-martin-polanco\/ (accessed 9 December 2017)."},{"key":"bibr42-0269881118769063","volume-title":"Anadenanthera: Visionary Plant of Ancient South America","author":"Torres CM","year":"2006","edition":"1"},{"key":"bibr43-0269881118769063","volume-title":"World drug report","author":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr44-0269881118769063","unstructured":"VICELAND (2017). Hamilton Morris learns about the toad ceremonies of the Yaqui Tribe. Available at: https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=M5U9D7Y5er4 (2017, accessed 14 December 2017)."},{"key":"bibr45-0269881118769063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8741(94)90051-5"},{"key":"bibr46-0269881118769063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-008-1356-8"},{"key":"bibr47-0269881118769063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1208\/s12248-008-9028-5"}],"container-title":["Journal of Psychopharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0269881118769063","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0269881118769063","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0269881118769063","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:07:45Z","timestamp":1777507665000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0269881118769063"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,30]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0269881118769063"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0269881118769063","relation":{},"ISSN":["0269-8811","1461-7285"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0269-8811","type":"print"},{"value":"1461-7285","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,30]]}}}