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The prey versus rattlesnake confrontations were performed in a polygonal arena for snakes. The defensive behaviors displayed by prey (defensive attention, defensive immobility, escape response, flat back approach and startle) were recorded twice: firstly, over a period of 15 min the presence of the predator and a re-exposure was performed 24 h after the confrontation, when animals were exposed to the experimental enclosure without the rattlesnake.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The intramesencephalic non-specific blockade of opioid receptors with microinjections of naloxone at higher doses decreased both anxiety- (defensive attention and flat back approach) and panic attack-like (defensive immobility and escape) behaviors, evoked in the presence of rattlesnakes and increased non-defensive responses. During the exposure to the experimental context, there was a decrease in duration of defensive attention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings suggest a panicolytic-like effect of endogenous opioid receptors antagonism in the inferior colliculus on innate (panic attack) and conditioned (anticipatory anxiety) fear in rats threatened by rattlesnakes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881118806301","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,8]],"date-time":"2018-11-08T09:32:23Z","timestamp":1541669543000},"page":"51-61","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["The endogenous opioid system modulates defensive behavior evoked by\n                    <i>Crotalus durissus terrificus<\/i>\n                    : Panicolytic-like effect of intracollicular non-selective opioid receptors blockade"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Fabr\u00edcio","family":"Calvo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuroanatomy & Neuropsychobiology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto of the University of S\u00e3o Paulo (FMRP-USP), Ribeir\u00e3o Preto (SP), Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, S\u00e3o Lucas College, Porto Velho (RO), Brazil"},{"name":"Apar\u00edcio Carvalho Integrative College, Porto Velho (RO), Brazil"},{"name":"Ophidiarium LNN-FMRP-USP\/INeC, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto School of Medicine of the University of S\u00e3o Paulo (FMRP-USP), Ribeir\u00e3o Preto (SP), Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Lob\u00e3o-Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuroanatomy & Neuropsychobiology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of 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