{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T15:55:36Z","timestamp":1790438136124,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,24]],"date-time":"2019-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548288000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Psychopharmacol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Generalized anxiety disorder is a common psychiatric condition that is associated with decreased quality of life and significant disability. Benzodiazepines are anti-anxiety drugs used widely in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. This study examines the influence of several variables on benzodiazepine efficacy in generalized anxiety disorder.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We performed a systematic review of placebo-controlled randomized controlled trials with benzodiazepines in generalized anxiety disorder. Fifty-eight studies were deemed eligible to include in the meta-analysis. The studies dated from 1977 to 2013 and included over 5400 participants. From each paper, we extracted: benzodiazepine name and dose, dosing regimen, baseline Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A) score, change in HAM-A score at study endpoint, drop-out rate, year of study publication, diagnostic criteria used, study size, study duration, location, any conflicts of interest and side-effect profile. We then assessed the influence, direct and indirect, of individual variables on the primary outcome (mean difference at endpoint, HAM-A score).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Three factors were shown to be associated statistically with change in HAM-A; baseline HAM-A for benzodiazepine arm, baseline HAM-A for the placebo arm, and duration of the study. A higher baseline HAM-A in both arms was associated with a greater mean difference in HAM-A. A shorter study length was also associated with a greater mean difference.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The major factors determining benzodiazepine response was baseline anxiety level for the benzodiazepine arm and study duration. In any design of further meta-analyses and clinical trials for generalized anxiety disorder we suggest that these should be considered these as confounding factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881118822146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,24]],"date-time":"2019-01-24T09:43:14Z","timestamp":1548322994000},"page":"543-547","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Influence of covariates on heterogeneity in Hamilton Anxiety Scale ratings in placebo-controlled trials of benzodiazepines in generalized anxiety disorder: Systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8032-765X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chris","family":"Gale","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Medicine University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Glue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Medicine University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Guaiana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Western University, St. Thomas, London, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Coverdale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maeve","family":"McMurdo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Medicine University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sam","family":"Wilkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Medicine University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0269881118822146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.yco.0000165594.60434.84"},{"key":"bibr2-0269881118822146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d1199"},{"key":"bibr3-0269881118822146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881114525674"},{"key":"bibr4-0269881118822146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/YIC.0000000000000078"},{"key":"bibr5-0269881118822146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40261-018-0648-y"},{"key":"bibr6-0269881118822146","volume-title":"Short- and Long-term Use of Benzodiazepines in Patients with Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Review of Guidelines. 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