{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T00:17:03Z","timestamp":1789690623471,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,13]],"date-time":"2019-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1557705600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Inclusive Health Fund","award":["None"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["None"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100025051","name":"St Vincent\u2019s Health Australia","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100025051","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Psychopharmacol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background\/Aim:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of the current study was to review drug harms as they occur in Australia using the Multi-criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) methodology adopted in earlier studies in other jurisdictions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A facilitated workshop with 25 experts from across Australia, was held to score 22 drugs on 16 criteria: 9 related to harms that a drug produces in the individual and 7 to harms to others. Participants were guided by facilitators through the methodology and principles of MCDA. In open discussion, each drug was scored on each criterion. The criteria were then weighted using a process of swing weighting. Scoring was captured in MCDA software tool.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>MCDA modelling showed the most harmful substances to users were fentanyls (part score 50), heroin (part score 45) and crystal methamphetamine (part score 42). The most harmful substances to others were alcohol (part score 41), crystal methamphetamine (part score 24) and cigarettes\/tobacco (part score 14). Overall, alcohol was the most harmful drug when harm to users and harm to others was combined. A supplementary analysis took into consideration the prevalence of each substance in Australia. Alcohol was again ranked the most harmful substance overall, followed by cigarettes, crystal methamphetamine, cannabis, heroin and pharmaceutical opioids.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results of this study make an important contribution to the emerging international picture of drug harms. They highlight the persistent and pervasive harms caused by alcohol. Policy implications and recommendations are discussed. Policies to reduce harm from alcohol and methamphetamine should be a priority.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881119841569","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,13]],"date-time":"2019-05-13T06:28:58Z","timestamp":1557728938000},"page":"759-768","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":135,"title":["The Australian drug harms ranking study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Yvonne","family":"Bonomo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Addiction Medicine, St Vincent\u2019s Hospital Melbourne, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2583-0687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda","family":"Norman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Addiction Medicine, St Vincent\u2019s Hospital Melbourne, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sam","family":"Biondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Victorian Alcohol and Drug Association (VAADA), Melbourne, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raimondo","family":"Bruno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine (Psychology), University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1787-4375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Daglish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alcohol and Drug Service, Metro North Hospital and Health Service, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon","family":"Dawe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Egerton-Warburton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Karro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Department, St Vincent\u2019s Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Lenton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6747-1937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dan I","family":"Lubman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Turning Point, Eastern Health and Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3468-9208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Pastor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Addiction Medicine, St Vincent\u2019s Hospital Melbourne, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jill","family":"Rundle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Western Australian Network of Alcohol and Drug Agencies, Perth, WA, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Penington Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Gordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Catalyze APAC, Sydney, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Sharry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Graduate School of Management, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Nutt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imperial College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Castle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mental Health, St Vincent\u2019s Hospital Melbourne, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0269881119841569","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1064-1297.2.3.244"},{"key":"bibr2-0269881119841569","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2011.03461.x"},{"key":"bibr3-0269881119841569","volume-title":"National Drug Strategy Household Survey 2016: Detailed Findings","author":"Claydon C","year":"2017"},{"key":"bibr4-0269881119841569","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/e674312010-001"},{"key":"bibr5-0269881119841569","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13897"},{"key":"bibr6-0269881119841569","volume-title":"Regulating Cannabis: A Detailed Scenario for a Nonprofit Cannabis Market","author":"Decorte T","year":"2018"},{"key":"bibr7-0269881119841569","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61530-5"},{"key":"bibr8-0269881119841569","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acem.12516"},{"key":"bibr9-0269881119841569","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/mja17.01111"},{"key":"bibr10-0269881119841569","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2005.282"},{"key":"bibr11-0269881119841569","volume-title":"European Drug Report 2018: Trends and Developments","author":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction","year":"2018"},{"key":"bibr12-0269881119841569","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31310-2"},{"key":"bibr13-0269881119841569","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1614783"},{"key":"bibr14-0269881119841569","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep08126"},{"key":"bibr15-0269881119841569","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2011.03445.x"},{"key":"bibr16-0269881119841569","unstructured":"Lensvelt E, Gilmore W, Gordon E, et al. (2015) Trends in Estimated Alcohol-related Emergency Department Presentations in Australia, 2005\u201306 to 2011\u201312. National Alcohol Indicators Project. 2015. Bulletin 14. National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University. Available at: http:\/\/ndri.curtin.edu.au\/NDRI\/media\/documents\/naip\/naip014.pdf (accessed 24 July 2018)."},{"key":"bibr17-0269881119841569","unstructured":"Lensvelt E, Gilmore W, Liang W, et al. (2018) Estimated Alcohol-attributable Deaths and Hospitalisations in Australia 2004 to 2015. National Alcohol Indicators. Bulletin 16. Perth: National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University. Available at: http:\/\/ndri.curtin.edu.au\/publications-resources\/project-reports-and-bulletins\/national-alcohol-indicators-bulletins (accessed 24 July 2018)."},{"issue":"07","key":"bibr18-0269881119841569","volume-title":"Substance Abuse Prevention Dollars and Cents: A Cost-benefit Analysis","volume":"2008","author":"Miller T","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr19-0269881119841569","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-6723.2008.01140.x"},{"key":"bibr20-0269881119841569","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61462-6"},{"key":"bibr21-0269881119841569","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000360220"},{"key":"bibr22-0269881119841569","volume-title":"National Wastewater Drug Monitoring Program-Report 1","author":"O\u2019Brien J","year":"2017"},{"key":"bibr23-0269881119841569","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/16066359.2017.1315410"},{"key":"bibr24-0269881119841569","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2018.09.022"},{"key":"bibr25-0269881119841569","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.05.019"},{"key":"bibr26-0269881119841569","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.07.018"},{"key":"bibr27-0269881119841569","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12740"},{"key":"bibr28-0269881119841569","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0308-597X(02)00050-7"},{"key":"bibr29-0269881119841569","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.12459"},{"key":"bibr30-0269881119841569","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2018.08.015"},{"key":"bibr31-0269881119841569","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2015.12.003"},{"key":"bibr32-0269881119841569","first-page":"14","author":"United Nations Framework for Climate Change","year":"2002","journal-title":"FCCC\/SBI\/2002\/INF"},{"key":"bibr33-0269881119841569","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (1972) https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/unodc\/en\/data-and-analysis\/bulletin\/bulletin_1973-01-01_4_page008.html (accessed 3 April 2019)."},{"key":"bibr34-0269881119841569","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000317249"},{"key":"bibr35-0269881119841569","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881115581980"},{"key":"bibr36-0269881119841569","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2015.09.014"},{"key":"bibr37-0269881119841569","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1596\/0-1952-0890-0"},{"key":"bibr38-0269881119841569","first-page":"9","author":"World Drug Report","year":"2018","journal-title":"XI"},{"key":"bibr39-0269881119841569","volume-title":"Global Status Report on Alcohol and Health 2014","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2015"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1177\/0269881119877724","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]],"date-time":"2019-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569888000000}}],"container-title":["Journal of Psychopharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0269881119841569","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0269881119841569","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0269881119841569","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:08:16Z","timestamp":1777507696000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0269881119841569"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,13]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0269881119841569"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0269881119841569","relation":{},"ISSN":["0269-8811","1461-7285"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0269-8811","type":"print"},{"value":"1461-7285","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,13]]}}}