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There is growing debate about the involvement of kratom in these events.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study details the characteristics of such fatalities and provides a \u2018state-of-the-art\u2019 review.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>UK cases were identified from mortality registers by searching with the terms \u2018kratom\u2019, \u2018mitragynine\u2019, etc. Databases and online media were searched using these terms and \u2018death\u2019, \u2018fatal*\u2019, \u2018overdose\u2019, \u2018poisoning\u2019, etc. to identify additional cases; details were obtained from relevant officials. Case characteristics were extracted into an Excel spreadsheet, and analysed employing descriptive statistics and thematic analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Typical case characteristics (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009156): male (80%), mean age 32.3 years, White (100%), drug abuse history (95%); reasons for use included self-medication, recreation, relaxation, bodybuilding, and avoiding positive drug tests. Mitragynine alone was identified\/implicated in 23% of cases. Poly substance use was common (87%), typically controlled\/recreational drugs, therapeutic drugs, and alcohol. Death cause(s) included toxic effects of kratom \u00b1 other substances; underlying health issues.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings add substantially to the knowledge base on kratom-associated deaths; these need systematic, accurate recording. Kratom\u2019s safety profile remains only partially understood; toxic and fatal levels require quantification.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881119862530","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,20]],"date-time":"2019-08-20T09:20:50Z","timestamp":1566292850000},"page":"1102-1123","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":91,"title":["Characteristics of deaths associated with kratom use"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3849-817X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John M","family":"Corkery","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse, and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, Department of Clinical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Streete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hampshire Scientific Service, Southsea, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hugh","family":"Claridge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Programme on Substance Abuse Deaths, Population Health Research Institute, St George\u2019s, University of London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Goodair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Programme on Substance Abuse Deaths, Population Health Research Institute, St George\u2019s, University of London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duccio","family":"Papanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse, and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, Department of Clinical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Orsolini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse, and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, Department of Clinical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Schifano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse, and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, Department of Clinical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kanav","family":"Sikka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse, and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, Department of Clinical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"K\u00f6rber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Hendricks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Retired Forensic Pathology Technician, Santa Clara County, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","unstructured":"Abayarathna S Jaehne M (2016) Electronic Vapor Liquid Composition and Method of Use. 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